Suchergebnisse

Summary On April 5, 1990 by the law "Trough organs of state accountable to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania establishment" was founded environmental protection department of the Republic of Lithuania, the first institution which performed environment protection state control after re-establishment of state independence. Today environment protection state control in the Republic of Lithuania perfom regional subjects of state administration – environmental protection departments of the regions, which subordinate to Ministry of Environment. Nonregular environment protection inspectors acting on public base as assistants of environment protection state control officials, help to perform environment protection state control for officials of environment protection state control. The main law which follow environment protection state control officials is the law of environment protection state control. According this law, departments perform the use, renew and protection state control of land, entrails of the earth, surface and underground water, environmental air, forests, landscape, flora, fauna and other natural reserves, verify whether natural and legal persons, enterprises without legal person rights perfom environment protection and use natural reserves according rule requirements, calculate taxes for the use of natural reserves correctly. Law base of environment protection state control is costantly improving. The last most important event of this field is accepted by Government decision to approve a change of articles 3,6, 7, 11, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 36, 37 of the law of environment protection state control and to approve a change and addition project of the law supplement and to present the project for the Seym of the Republic of Lithuania.

Summary On April 5, 1990 by the law "Trough organs of state accountable to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania establishment" was founded environmental protection department of the Republic of Lithuania, the first institution which performed environment protection state control after re-establishment of state independence. Today environment protection state control in the Republic of Lithuania perfom regional subjects of state administration – environmental protection departments of the regions, which subordinate to Ministry of Environment. Nonregular environment protection inspectors acting on public base as assistants of environment protection state control officials, help to perform environment protection state control for officials of environment protection state control. The main law which follow environment protection state control officials is the law of environment protection state control. According this law, departments perform the use, renew and protection state control of land, entrails of the earth, surface and underground water, environmental air, forests, landscape, flora, fauna and other natural reserves, verify whether natural and legal persons, enterprises without legal person rights perfom environment protection and use natural reserves according rule requirements, calculate taxes for the use of natural reserves correctly. Law base of environment protection state control is costantly improving. The last most important event of this field is accepted by Government decision to approve a change of articles 3,6, 7, 11, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 36, 37 of the law of environment protection state control and to approve a change and addition project of the law supplement and to present the project for the Seym of the Republic of Lithuania.

Summary On April 5, 1990 by the law "Trough organs of state accountable to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania establishment" was founded environmental protection department of the Republic of Lithuania, the first institution which performed environment protection state control after re-establishment of state independence. Today environment protection state control in the Republic of Lithuania perfom regional subjects of state administration – environmental protection departments of the regions, which subordinate to Ministry of Environment. Nonregular environment protection inspectors acting on public base as assistants of environment protection state control officials, help to perform environment protection state control for officials of environment protection state control. The main law which follow environment protection state control officials is the law of environment protection state control. According this law, departments perform the use, renew and protection state control of land, entrails of the earth, surface and underground water, environmental air, forests, landscape, flora, fauna and other natural reserves, verify whether natural and legal persons, enterprises without legal person rights perfom environment protection and use natural reserves according rule requirements, calculate taxes for the use of natural reserves correctly. Law base of environment protection state control is costantly improving. The last most important event of this field is accepted by Government decision to approve a change of articles 3,6, 7, 11, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 36, 37 of the law of environment protection state control and to approve a change and addition project of the law supplement and to present the project for the Seym of the Republic of Lithuania.

Summary On April 5, 1990 by the law "Trough organs of state accountable to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania establishment" was founded environmental protection department of the Republic of Lithuania, the first institution which performed environment protection state control after re-establishment of state independence. Today environment protection state control in the Republic of Lithuania perfom regional subjects of state administration – environmental protection departments of the regions, which subordinate to Ministry of Environment. Nonregular environment protection inspectors acting on public base as assistants of environment protection state control officials, help to perform environment protection state control for officials of environment protection state control. The main law which follow environment protection state control officials is the law of environment protection state control. According this law, departments perform the use, renew and protection state control of land, entrails of the earth, surface and underground water, environmental air, forests, landscape, flora, fauna and other natural reserves, verify whether natural and legal persons, enterprises without legal person rights perfom environment protection and use natural reserves according rule requirements, calculate taxes for the use of natural reserves correctly. Law base of environment protection state control is costantly improving. The last most important event of this field is accepted by Government decision to approve a change of articles 3,6, 7, 11, 21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 36, 37 of the law of environment protection state control and to approve a change and addition project of the law supplement and to present the project for the Seym of the Republic of Lithuania.

The amount of non-state actors and their influence at the end of the XX centuries increased rapidly in various international areas. Thereby, non-state actors became one of the most prominent international actors on a level with states but with limited legal subjectivity. Moreover, this limited legal subjectivity does not give a huge scope of rights and does not impose full obligations with regard to following all international rules in their practice. In this respect, the creation of the unified definition of non-state actors for further its implementation as a legally binding is vital for all international community. Moreover, it should be noted that there is a vital necessity to determine the status of the non-state actors in specific areas of international law namely: the role of the non-state actors in the law-making process and possible applicability of international humanitarian law to non-state actors. From the results of research, it should be mentioned that the unified definition of non-state actors that was given in this Master thesis would be appropriate for recognition by the international community as legally binding. Moreover, despite the fact that non-state actors do not have a direct impact on the international law-making process they found out another possible option -to influence states and participate in the law-making process as an advisor in various fields. Also, it is necessary to emphasize that international humanitarian law in limited scope is applicable to non-state actors.

The words "there is nothing certain in this world except death and taxes" proclaimed by Benjamin Franklin do not lose meaning after more than two centuries. Let us leave the problem of death or life to another publication and discuss taxes. A bit different from usual. I will disappoint a reader, an analyst or a government representative who sees taxes together through the prism of the base and the tariff, but does not ask the question "why?". For decades, the psychological motives of consumers have been discovered and established as a way to economic science. And taxes are not an exception here, but there is little due cause, especially in practice. And unnecessarily, because the work here would make it possible to enrich the arum of the state — all of us

The words "there is nothing certain in this world except death and taxes" proclaimed by Benjamin Franklin do not lose meaning after more than two centuries. Let us leave the problem of death or life to another publication and discuss taxes. A bit different from usual. I will disappoint a reader, an analyst or a government representative who sees taxes together through the prism of the base and the tariff, but does not ask the question "why?". For decades, the psychological motives of consumers have been discovered and established as a way to economic science. And taxes are not an exception here, but there is little due cause, especially in practice. And unnecessarily, because the work here would make it possible to enrich the arum of the state — all of us

The words "there is nothing certain in this world except death and taxes" proclaimed by Benjamin Franklin do not lose meaning after more than two centuries. Let us leave the problem of death or life to another publication and discuss taxes. A bit different from usual. I will disappoint a reader, an analyst or a government representative who sees taxes together through the prism of the base and the tariff, but does not ask the question "why?". For decades, the psychological motives of consumers have been discovered and established as a way to economic science. And taxes are not an exception here, but there is little due cause, especially in practice. And unnecessarily, because the work here would make it possible to enrich the arum of the state — all of us

The words "there is nothing certain in this world except death and taxes" proclaimed by Benjamin Franklin do not lose meaning after more than two centuries. Let us leave the problem of death or life to another publication and discuss taxes. A bit different from usual. I will disappoint a reader, an analyst or a government representative who sees taxes together through the prism of the base and the tariff, but does not ask the question "why?". For decades, the psychological motives of consumers have been discovered and established as a way to economic science. And taxes are not an exception here, but there is little due cause, especially in practice. And unnecessarily, because the work here would make it possible to enrich the arum of the state — all of us

The majority of the countries applied the doctrine of absolute state immunity till the second half of the XX-th century, however, as the world trade has changed, a new doctrine of a restricted immunity has become relevant. The latter imposes that the state participates on equal basis with other persons and does not use its immunity in private legal relations. To be true, this overturn has not happened suddenly, but as a result of court practise in the separate countries. As a result of that, the European Convention on State Immunity was signed in Basel in 1972, and the United Nations codified appropriate countries and their property, and immunities in the Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property in 2004. It's a pity, but the latter has not been in effect yet, so a state immunity has not exceeded the international custom institute. The Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania 1964 established the absolute state immunity doctrine, as well. This norm is the Soviet Lithuania's heritage that has not met the changing social relations, political and economic structure of independent Lithuania. So the Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania in its 1998 year case V. Stukonis vs. USA Embassy established a restricted immunity doctrine. As there is no official common list of the exceptions from the state immunity, the particular exceptions are important. That is why the Thesis analyzes not only the commercial, but also exceptions in the labor law and delicts. The national courts, including Lithuanian ones, lack developing court practise, reflected by detailed legal reasoning in applying the exceptions from the state immunity. The rare examples, as the UK and the US, have passed the national legal acts, regulating the state immunity thus repeatedly proving the inconsecutive process of the state immunity regulation.

The majority of the countries applied the doctrine of absolute state immunity till the second half of the XX-th century, however, as the world trade has changed, a new doctrine of a restricted immunity has become relevant. The latter imposes that the state participates on equal basis with other persons and does not use its immunity in private legal relations. To be true, this overturn has not happened suddenly, but as a result of court practise in the separate countries. As a result of that, the European Convention on State Immunity was signed in Basel in 1972, and the United Nations codified appropriate countries and their property, and immunities in the Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property in 2004. It's a pity, but the latter has not been in effect yet, so a state immunity has not exceeded the international custom institute. The Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania 1964 established the absolute state immunity doctrine, as well. This norm is the Soviet Lithuania's heritage that has not met the changing social relations, political and economic structure of independent Lithuania. So the Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania in its 1998 year case V. Stukonis vs. USA Embassy established a restricted immunity doctrine. As there is no official common list of the exceptions from the state immunity, the particular exceptions are important. That is why the Thesis analyzes not only the commercial, but also exceptions in the labor law and delicts. The national courts, including Lithuanian ones, lack developing court practise, reflected by detailed legal reasoning in applying the exceptions from the state immunity. The rare examples, as the UK and the US, have passed the national legal acts, regulating the state immunity thus repeatedly proving the inconsecutive process of the state immunity regulation.

The majority of the countries applied the doctrine of absolute state immunity till the second half of the XX-th century, however, as the world trade has changed, a new doctrine of a restricted immunity has become relevant. The latter imposes that the state participates on equal basis with other persons and does not use its immunity in private legal relations. To be true, this overturn has not happened suddenly, but as a result of court practise in the separate countries. As a result of that, the European Convention on State Immunity was signed in Basel in 1972, and the United Nations codified appropriate countries and their property, and immunities in the Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property in 2004. It's a pity, but the latter has not been in effect yet, so a state immunity has not exceeded the international custom institute. The Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania 1964 established the absolute state immunity doctrine, as well. This norm is the Soviet Lithuania's heritage that has not met the changing social relations, political and economic structure of independent Lithuania. So the Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania in its 1998 year case V. Stukonis vs. USA Embassy established a restricted immunity doctrine. As there is no official common list of the exceptions from the state immunity, the particular exceptions are important. That is why the Thesis analyzes not only the commercial, but also exceptions in the labor law and delicts. The national courts, including Lithuanian ones, lack developing court practise, reflected by detailed legal reasoning in applying the exceptions from the state immunity. The rare examples, as the UK and the US, have passed the national legal acts, regulating the state immunity thus repeatedly proving the inconsecutive process of the state immunity regulation.

The majority of the countries applied the doctrine of absolute state immunity till the second half of the XX-th century, however, as the world trade has changed, a new doctrine of a restricted immunity has become relevant. The latter imposes that the state participates on equal basis with other persons and does not use its immunity in private legal relations. To be true, this overturn has not happened suddenly, but as a result of court practise in the separate countries. As a result of that, the European Convention on State Immunity was signed in Basel in 1972, and the United Nations codified appropriate countries and their property, and immunities in the Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property in 2004. It's a pity, but the latter has not been in effect yet, so a state immunity has not exceeded the international custom institute. The Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania 1964 established the absolute state immunity doctrine, as well. This norm is the Soviet Lithuania's heritage that has not met the changing social relations, political and economic structure of independent Lithuania. So the Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania in its 1998 year case V. Stukonis vs. USA Embassy established a restricted immunity doctrine. As there is no official common list of the exceptions from the state immunity, the particular exceptions are important. That is why the Thesis analyzes not only the commercial, but also exceptions in the labor law and delicts. The national courts, including Lithuanian ones, lack developing court practise, reflected by detailed legal reasoning in applying the exceptions from the state immunity. The rare examples, as the UK and the US, have passed the national legal acts, regulating the state immunity thus repeatedly proving the inconsecutive process of the state immunity regulation.

THE BALTIC STATES' ENERGY SYSTEM SUMMARY The goal of paper – the comparative analysis of Baltic states' (i.e. of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) energy systems in 1990-2004. The main causes that affected the development of Baltic states' energetics are indicated in this work. By the method of statistical analysis, the comparative advantages of Baltic states' energetics are detected. Moreover, the main trends of further development of integration of Baltic states ' energetics into the energetics of European Union are evaluated. After the restoration of independence, the economy of Baltic states experienced serious downturn. In the analyzed period of 1990-2004, the transition from centralised to market economy was followed by huge changes in Baltic states' economy, including energy sector. In the period of 1990-1994 the production and the demand of energy significantly decreased because of the loss of Eastern markets and the increase of prices of primary energy resources. Observable economic growth of Baltic countries since 1995 is closely related with the development of energetics. There has been a steady growth of energy needs, use of indigenous energy resource and trade of energy resources with foreign countries. By seeking the membership in European Union Baltic states had to commit themselves to implement a good few tasks in the energy sector. It includes the creation of common liberalized Baltic electricity market, the increase in use of renewable energy resources, the reduction of environmental pollution etc. However, Baltic states still have not had alternative electricity relations with Western European markets. After the closure of Ignalina's nuclear plant it could negatively influence the reliable supply of electricity and the electricity prices in all Baltic states. Baltic states buy more than 90 percent of fuel energy resources from the only supplier - Russia. Hence in the future by increasing of energy needs, Baltic states have to develop energy system by relating its connections with Western Europe, and also they have to increase the use of local and renewable energy resources. To meet a deficit of electricity and reduce dependence from imported fuel resources Baltic states have to build a new nuclear plant reactor.

THE BALTIC STATES' ENERGY SYSTEM SUMMARY The goal of paper – the comparative analysis of Baltic states' (i.e. of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) energy systems in 1990-2004. The main causes that affected the development of Baltic states' energetics are indicated in this work. By the method of statistical analysis, the comparative advantages of Baltic states' energetics are detected. Moreover, the main trends of further development of integration of Baltic states ' energetics into the energetics of European Union are evaluated. After the restoration of independence, the economy of Baltic states experienced serious downturn. In the analyzed period of 1990-2004, the transition from centralised to market economy was followed by huge changes in Baltic states' economy, including energy sector. In the period of 1990-1994 the production and the demand of energy significantly decreased because of the loss of Eastern markets and the increase of prices of primary energy resources. Observable economic growth of Baltic countries since 1995 is closely related with the development of energetics. There has been a steady growth of energy needs, use of indigenous energy resource and trade of energy resources with foreign countries. By seeking the membership in European Union Baltic states had to commit themselves to implement a good few tasks in the energy sector. It includes the creation of common liberalized Baltic electricity market, the increase in use of renewable energy resources, the reduction of environmental pollution etc. However, Baltic states still have not had alternative electricity relations with Western European markets. After the closure of Ignalina's nuclear plant it could negatively influence the reliable supply of electricity and the electricity prices in all Baltic states. Baltic states buy more than 90 percent of fuel energy resources from the only supplier - Russia. Hence in the future by increasing of energy needs, Baltic states have to develop energy system by relating its connections with Western Europe, and also they have to increase the use of local and renewable energy resources. To meet a deficit of electricity and reduce dependence from imported fuel resources Baltic states have to build a new nuclear plant reactor.