Suchergebnisse

Tese de mestrado em Psicologia (Psicologia Cognitiva), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa através da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, 2001 ; The tendency to judge personality from facial appearance is very common and, for centuries, people have believed that character is revealed in the face. Some of the information that the human face conveys can be detected and interpreted usually with a great level of accuracy, such as age, gender or even some emotions. However, the inference of personality characteristics from the face proves to be less accurate, although still extremely common. Signs of the practice of physiognomy {face reading) can be identified over the years, and although that practice is not so popular nowadays, those beliefs are still present in the form of what can be called facial stereotypes. A literature review demonstrated that the not very broad amount of research that is available on this subject shows that people are extremely consistent in their judgements of other people's honesty, intelligence, personality traits, intentions, occupation and even political opinions, based on facial appearance. However, despite the observed consistency of these judgements, it is usually found that they are barely valid. Nevertheless, the observation that people tend to hold and apply facial stereotypes in a consistent manner has conferred importance to a better understanding about the underlying mechanisms of these stereotypes. Accordingly, the present research work has been focused on the study of the nature of the processes underlying the activation and application of social stereotypes based on facial appearance. This thesis is organised in three main sections. Section I comprises the introduction to the field of research and the review of the literature relevant to the area. Section II describes all the experimental procedures and results observed, and includes the individual discussions of each experiment. Finally, Section III is dedicated to the general discussion and conclusions, ...

Using two surveys, we study how respondents process visual cues to identify the political orientation (left- vs. right-wing) of members of the French National Assembly (referred to as "deputies"), based on official photographs only, to test the type of heuristic that they use. We first confirm that respondents outperform random guesses. Second, we find that their categorizations correlate with observable characteristics (gender, tie color, jewelry) and subjective assessments of deputies' personality traits (attractiveness, competence, trustworthiness). Third, the objective visual cues that respondents use are consistent with the actual characteristics of left- and right-wing deputies, and respondents mistakenly react to subjective personality traits that differ little across the two groups of deputies. Fourth, left- and right-wing respondents use the same cues in the same way, attractiveness being the only exception. Fifth, the magnitude of the marginal impact of a characteristic on the probability of a respondent categorizing a photograph as left- or right-wing increases strictly with the representativeness of that characteristic. Finally, we find evidence that some characteristics correlate with categorization errors. Findings 1, 2, 4, and the finding that respondents use cues in the correct way are consistent with both Bayesian behavior and the representativeness heuristic. Findings 5, 6, and the finding that respondents react to subjective cues that do not differ across groups are at odds with Bayesian inference but consistent with the representativeness heuristic suggested by Kahneman and Tversky (1972) and recently modelled by Gennaioli and Shleifer (2010), and Bordalo et al. (forthcoming). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Naipaul, hem teorik yazıları hem de belirsiz ve aşırı derecede bütünleyici bakış açısını yansıttığı edebi eserleriyle en çok tartışılan edebi şahsiyetlerden biridir. Romanlarında yer alan sadece ana karakterler değil aynı zamanda ikincil karakterler de çoğu kez kendi ırksal kalıplarının göstergesi olan kişisel özellikleri üstlenirler. Sömürgecilik bazı kişilerin belirli milletleri ve ırkları aşırı derecede bütünleme ya da genelleme hatasına düşmesine sebep olduğu için Naipaul gibi yazarlar romanlarda ırklarına ya da uluslarına göre belirlenmiş ve seçilmiş olup öne çıkan özellikleri benimseyen basmakalıp karakterlere değinirler. Bu da onları ırk ayrımına götürür. Naipaul'un bu niteliği kendi ırklarını yansıtan tipik olarak kendine özgü özelliklere sahip Afrikalı ve Hintli karakterler olmak üzere karakterlerini ikiye bölerek yansıtmasına sebep olur. Afrikalı karakterler, Avrupalı sömürgeciler ile işbirliği yapan ve bir ülkede kaosa yol açan acımasız despotlar gibi olumsuz özellikleri kendilerinde somutlaştırırken Hintli karakterler ise çoğunlukla sömürgeciler tarafından zarara uğramış olan sömürgeleştirilmiş toplumlardan birinin tahrip edilmiş kişilik özelliklerini temsil ederler. Fakat yazara göre Afrikalılar sömürgeleştirilmiş milletlerin sosyo-politik ve psikolojik yaşamlarında sömürgeci toplumların ya da ülkelerin sebep olduğu yıkımdan çok daha derin tahribat bırakmıştır. Onun romanlarında bunun en belirgin örneği kendilerine özgü kişilikleri, kültür ve tarihini kaybetmiş ve yaşamlarını Avrupa ve yerli medeniyetleri arasındaki bir ikilemde idame ettirmek zorunda olan Hintli karakterlerde görülür. ; Naipaul is one of the most controversial literary figures with his both theoretical writings and literary works in which he reflected an ambiguous and overly totalizing perspective. Not only main but also minor characters in his novels often assume the same characteristics which are the indications of their racial patterns. Since colonialism has caused some people to fall into the mistake of overly totalizing ...

In den letzten Jahren sind gleichstellungs- und geschlechter- und sexualpolitisch deutliche Fortschritte erkennbar: Zum Abbau von Diskriminierungen und zur Förderung von Gleichberechtigung diverser Lebens- und Liebensweisen haben der beharrliche Kampf engagierter Gruppen und die Forschung von Wissenschaftler*innen beigetragen. Zugleich sind aber in der Sexualwissenschaft auch rassistische Tendenzen zu beobachten, wie Heinz-Jürgen Voß kritisiert.

In Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court held that same-sex marriage bans violate the Equal Protection Clause for two primary reasons. First, they subordinate; they send the message that lesbians and gays are inferior to heterosexuals. Second, they unequally deny lesbian and gay individuals the liberty to make fundamental decisions about identity and self. These two conjoined themes—anti-group subordination and pro-individual liberty—comprise the two pillars of "equal dignity" that anchor Obergefell's holding. This Article proposes that these pillars also support the Court's anti-stereotyping jurisprudence, and equal dignity is thus one important aspect of what the Equal Protection Clause protects. To illustrate: in sex discrimination cases, courts reject state stereotyping when it perpetuates ideas about men's and women's roles and reinforces women's inferior social status; in transgender and sexual orientation discrimination cases, courts have begun to protect LGBTQ individuals from state demands for conformity to normative stereotypes about how to be a man or woman. Protecting individuals' equal dignity can sometimes become complicated when the reasons for addressing a group's purported needs elide individual concerns and attachments. For example, the government sometimes relies on normative and statistical information about groups to combat group-associated health and poverty risks, to remedy individual disparate treatment, and to prevent wholesale group exclusion from opportunities and civic duties. Addressing these group-based needs, however, may effectively perpetuate stereotypes about what group membership means. Individual group members may object to the identitarian implications of the government's help. Not all stereotyping both subordinates a group and denies individuals the liberty to be and express who they are. Accordingly, stereotyping is not wrong in and of itself; how the government uses stereotypes should determine whether state action violates the Equal Protection Clause. ...

Treves et al.'s target article emphasizes the importance of including nonhuman animals in the scope of conservation frameworks, countering an anthropocentric orientation in conservation biology. In support, I discuss how stereotypes of other animal species may bias our behavior toward them.

Die kontinuierliche Konzeptualisierung des Balkans als das Andere neben Europa und die anhaltenden Spannungen in der Identität der in der Region lebenden Völker sind ein wiederkehrendes Thema, das die wissenschaftliche Arbeit über diese Region kennzeichnet. Everyday life in the Balkans, herausgegeben von David W. Montgomery, ein Beitrag zu einem seit Jahrzehnten vernachlässigten Teilgebiet, bietet eine breite Palette von Themen und Ansichten, die Aufschluss darüber geben, wie der durchschnittliche Balkan mit Kunst, Kultur und Politik umgeht und behandelt Religion, Geschichte, Lebensunterhalt, Identitätswandel und nachbarschaftliche Beziehungen im täglichen Leben. Die Autoren decken alle Länder der Region ab und bieten Einblicke in die Veränderungen in den letzten Jahrzehnten, einschließlich der Zeit nach dem Sozialismus und nach dem Krieg, aber auch in die Zusammenhänge der vergangenen Ereignisse mit der modernen Dynamik von Alltag auf der Halbinsel. ; The continuous conceptualization of the Balkans as the Other next door to Europe and the persisting tensions in the identities of the peoples inhabiting the area are recurring themes that mark the academic work about this region. Everyday life in the Balkans, edited by David W. Montgomery, a contribution to a subfield that has been neglected for many decades, offers a wide range of topics and views that shed light into how the average Balkan person deals with art, culture, politics, religion, history, livelihood, shifting identities, and neighborly relations in daily life. Covering all the countries of the region, the authors offer insights into what changes the area has undergone in the last decades, including post-socialist and post-war periods, but also keeping an eye on how the past events connect with the modern dynamics of everyday life in the peninsula.

This study analyzes the effects of gender stereotypes on the perception of emotion in hypothetical political candidates. By presenting subjects with various combinations of emotional displays by both male and female candidates, we will be able to see if any gender stereotypes are primed or activated by these displays, and more importantly, the differences in perception of these displays based on the candidate's gender. For example, if we present the subject with a male candidate who appears aggressive and confrontational, will he be viewed the same way as a female candidate with the same characteristics? Will gender stereotypes cause the female candidate to be perceived more negatively than the male? Previous research has supported the idea that gender stereotypes will effect perception of candidates based on their gender, and this study will help to see if specific stereotypes are primed for application by the subject based on emotional displays.

The problem of functioning of stereotypes in the political discourse, traits of stereotypes and their classification are investigated in the article

This study analyzes the effects of gender stereotypes on women gubernatorial candidates in the post "Year of the Woman" era to determine whether or not the electoral gains made by women running for legislative office in 1992 also extended to women contesting executive elections in subsequent years. This study proceeds in two parts. The first part of this study provides an empirical analysis of contextual and candidate specific factors thought to affect the way in which gender stereotypes surface during gubernatorial campaigns and how they affect women candidates accordingly. The contextual factors include state culture, party dominance, and tradition of electing women in each state. Candidate specific factors include prior campaign and or office holding experience. The second part of this study adopts a case study approach and focuses on two gubernatorial elections – New Jersey and Virginia – to provide a more detailed examination of how gender stereotypes emerge when women are candidates for governor. The findings from the empirical analysis show that women are more likely to contest gubernatorial elections that are Democratic in their partisanship and non-traditionalist in their political culture. However, these variables did not explain whether women were successful in winning gubernatorial elections. The second part of the analysis expanded on these findings by examining the dominant role gender stereotypes played in a traditionalistic state (Virginia) and the minimal role they played in a non-traditionalistic state (New Jersey). Generalizations were made based on the findings that indicate the importance of the campaign in light of contextual factors and how this affects women candidates in executive elections. Recommendations for a future research agenda regarding elections in which women are candidates for various levels of office are also discussed. ; 2006-05-01 ; M.A. ; Arts and Sciences, Department of Political Science ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

Communication has always been a prominent part to produce national stereotypes. The familiar patterns of collective and communicative action are associated with nation-building processes, which acquired great amounts of organizational resources in modern political communities beginning in the nineteenth century. These "modern" processes created strong collective national identities. Since the Internet era, we have encountered new and less familiar logics of connective action based on personalized content sharing across various media networks. Introducing digital media does not dramatically change the core dynamics of traditional community-building processes, but the logic of connective action does. This article analyzes one case of our era: how Latin American stereotypes are present in Finnish social media, and what new insights the method – the analysis of social media big data – would bring. Likewise, the article studies Finnish nationalism – how Finnish people see themselves when explaining other national cultures. The central questions stem from media discussions about Latin American countries: How are concepts and words referring to Latin America used in Finnish social media, and how does this kind of interaction is built on and further strengthen national or "continental" historical stereotypes, repeated again in new media forums? Latin American stereotypes serve also as social media representations to reflect Finnish national self-portrait.1

Communication has always been a prominent part to produce national stereotypes. The familiar patterns of collective and communicative action are associated with nation-building processes, which acquired great amounts of organizational resources in modern political communities beginning in the nineteenth century. These "modern" processes created strong collective national identities. Since the Internet era, we have encountered new and less familiar logics of connective action based on personalized content sharing across various media networks. Introducing digital media does not dramatically change the core dynamics of traditional community-building processes, but the logic of connective action does. This article analyzes one case of our era: how Latin American stereotypes are present in Finnish social media, and what new insights the method – the analysis of social media big data – would bring. Likewise, the article studies Finnish nationalism – how Finnish people see themselves when explaining other national cultures. The central questions stem from media discussions about Latin American countries: How are concepts and words referring to Latin America used in Finnish social media, and how does this kind of interaction is built on and further strengthen national or "continental" historical stereotypes, repeated again in new media forums? Latin American stereotypes serve also as social media representations to reflect Finnish national self-portrait. ; Peer reviewed

Attempts to suppress social stereotypes often lead to an increase in the accessibility of those stereotypes, thereby increasing stereotypic influences on subsequent social judgments. The present research sought to determine whether such suppression effects occur in relatively naturalistic situations. Participants in Experiment 1 wrote a story about a typical day in the life of an African-American target person after receiving one of two sets of instructions. Participants in the control condition were simply told to write whatever they wanted. Participants in the spontaneous suppression condition were informed that the study was being conducted by an African-American political group. The results indicated that participants in the spontaneous suppression condition wrote less Stereotypie stories than did those in the control condition. Participants in Experiment 2 first rated their attitudes toward African Americans under one of three conditions: a directed suppression condition, a spontaneous suppression condition, and a no suppression-control condition. In a subsequent task, participants formed an impression of a target person who behaved in an ambiguously hostile manner. The results indicated that participants in both the directed suppression and the spontaneous suppression conditions judged the target person to be significantly more hostile (i.e., stereotypic of African Americans) than did participants in the control condition. These results indicate that there are situational factors which motivate spontaneous stereotype-suppression attempts, leading to later increases in stereotype use.

Attempts to suppress social stereotypes often lead to an increase in the accessibility of those stereotypes, thereby increasing stereotypic influences on subsequent social judgments. The present research sought to determine whether such suppression effects occur in relatively naturalistic situations. Participants in Experiment 1 wrote a story about a typical day in the life of an African-American target person after receiving one of two sets of instructions. Participants in the control condition were simply told to write whatever they wanted. Participants in the spontaneous suppression condition were informed that the study was being conducted by an African-American political group. The results indicated that participants in the spontaneous suppression condition wrote less Stereotypie stories than did those in the control condition. Participants in Experiment 2 first rated their attitudes toward African Americans under one of three conditions: a directed suppression condition, a spontaneous suppression condition, and a no suppression-control condition. In a subsequent task, participants formed an impression of a target person who behaved in an ambiguously hostile manner. The results indicated that participants in both the directed suppression and the spontaneous suppression conditions judged the target person to be significantly more hostile (i.e., stereotypic of African Americans) than did participants in the control condition. These results indicate that there are situational factors which motivate spontaneous stereotype-suppression attempts, leading to later increases in stereotype use.

Vision-based cognitive services (CogS) have become crucial in a wide range of applications, from real-time security and social networks to smartphone applications. Many services focus on analyzing people images. When it comes to facial analysis, these services can be misleading or even inaccurate, raising ethical concerns such as the amplification of social stereotypes. We analyzed popular Image Tagging CogS that infer emotion from a person's face, considering whether they perpetuate racial and gender stereotypes concerning emotion. By comparing both CogS and Human-generated descriptions on a set of controlled images, we highlight the need for transparency and fairness in CogS. In particular, we document evidence that CogS may actually be more likely than crowdworkers to perpetuate the stereotype of the "angry black man" and often attribute black race individuals with "emotions of hostility". ; This work has been partly supported by the project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 739578 (RISE – Call: H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2) and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy.