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In this chapter we explore Kingdon's multiple streams heuristic, and examine how it has been taken up and used in policy studies. The critical question for policy analysis in Kingdon's heuristic is not how given problems are selected and addressed through authoritative decision making, but rather the nature of the linkages between three continually flowing and largely independent streams: problems, policies and politics. We observe with interest the extent to which the multiple streams approach has stood the test of time, with its broad applicability across place and topic. Unlike other theories of the policy process, the heuristic put forward by Kingdon provides the tools for analysing a process which is complex, ambiguous and somewhat serendipitous. It includes both structural (windows) and interpersonal (policy entrepreneurs) considerations in the policy process overlaid on the three streams. Kingdon's heuristic has been applied by scholars coming from various ontological and epistemological standpoints, but we argue that it is perhaps best understood as a constructionist approach.

Weil Bulgarien auf Druck der EU die Erlaubnis zur Verlegung der South Stream-Gaspipeline durch das Schwarze Meer zu seiner Küste nicht rechtzeitig erteilt hatte, kündigte Russlands Präsident Wladimir Putin am 1. Dezember 2014 die Einstellung des Projekts und an dessen Stelle den Bau von Unterwasserleitungen zur türkischen Küste sowie einer Landpipeline zur Westgrenze der Türkei an. Gazprom-Chef Miller gab am 6. Dezember bekannt, dass dadurch der Gastransit durch die Ukraine vollständig ersetzen werden soll. Falls diese Absichten realisiert werden, müssen auf dem Balkan neue Gasfernleitungen zum Weitertransport des Gases gebaut werden. Mit der Verwirklichung der "Turkish Stream" genannten Alternative zu South Stream würde die Aussicht auf eine von Russland unabhängige Gasbelieferung der EU aus dem Kaspischen Raum verringert und die Türkei als strategischer Partner Russlands aufgewertet.

The following report is an attempt to simplify and bring together some of the varied information concerning the field of stream improvement work. It is not a steadfast manual of stream improvement. It does not contain explanations of how to use the sophisticated equipment developed for stream analysis. Its purpose is to provide some guidelines in the stream improvement field which may be used by the average person, instead of the average stream biologist. It has become evident that much of the improvement of the streams in this province is attempted by outdoor clubs and organizations, and not by biologists and the Fish and Wildlife Branch. This is because of the fact that little money or time is available to these government agencies for this purpose. Therefore, groups get the idea to improve their favourite trout stream and often end up wasting their time and money and possibly even damaging the stream in the process, because they do not know what they are doing. It is toward these people, therefore, that this paper is directed. The following paper explains some of the most common and effective improvement devices used; derived from various sources which are not usually available to the average person. Also included is an example of a small stream improvement project conducted on a local stream to illustrate what one person can do with no funds and few materials. ; Student paper submitted for Wildland Recreation 271.

This book describes the main features of tropical streams and their ecology. It covers the major physico-chemical features, important processes such as primary production and organic-matter transformation, as well as the main groups of consumers: invertebrates, fishes and other vertebrates. Information on concepts and paradigms developed in north-temperate latitudes and how they do not match the reality of ecosystems further south is expertly addressed. The pressing matter of conservation of tropical streams and their biodiversity is included in alomost every chapter, with a final chapter providing a synthesis on conservation issues. For the first time, Tropical Streams Ecology places an important emphasis on viewing research carried out in contributions from international literature. * First synthetic account of the ecology of all types of tropical streams * Covers all of the major tropical regions * Detailed consideration of possible fundamental differences between tropical and temperate stream ecosystems * Threats faced by tropical stream ecosystems and possible conservation actions * Descriptions and synstheses life-histories and breeding patterns of major aquatic consumers (fishes, invertebrates)

Das Projekt Nord Stream 2 stellt die Bundesregierung vor das Dilemma, sich zwischen energie- und außenpolitischen Interessen entscheiden zu müssen. Eine Priorisierung sollte nicht ohne den Blick auf den energiepolitischen Kontext erfolgen. In der Frage der Güterabwägung gibt es keine einfachen und "billigen" Antworten. Das gilt umso mehr, als die Energietransformation in Kooperation die größte Dividende für einen Interessenausgleich zu sein verspricht. Allerdings setzt sie einen Minimalkonsens inner­halb der Europäischen Union (EU), mit den USA, der Ukraine und auch Russland voraus. (Autorenreferat)

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The Nord Stream 2 project presents the German government with the dilemma of choosing between energy and foreign policy interests. Geopolitical arguments often prevail in the political discourse. Yet, a weighing of priorities requires a look at the energy policy context, too. When it comes to balancing interests, there are no easy or "cheap" answers. With a focus on the energy context, it has to be emphasized that a cooperative approach toward energy transformation promises the greatest dividend for a balance of interests, but it presupposes a minimum consensus within the Euro­pean Union (EU), along with the United States (US), Ukraine, and Russia. (author's abstract)

"Multiple Streams in Foreign Policy" published on by Oxford University Press.