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A table presenting estimates of the magnitudes of structural violence for the world's countries in 1965 is discussed. Though structural violence may have two effects--"it either kills its victims or it harms them in various ways short of killing"--the discussion deals with only fatal consequences of structural violence. These fatalities are compared with those resulting from civil & international conflicts. A second table provides further comparisons between magnitudes of international, civil, & structural violence, including nuclear war, WWII, the Vietnam War, the Cuban Revolution, & others. Calculation of structural violence is modeled after earlier suggestions by J. Galtung & T. Hoivik ("Structural and Direct Violence: A Note on Operationalization," Journal of Peace Research, 1971, 8, 1, 73-76). An 'economic law of life' is reported which states the empirical relationship between life expectancy & poverty/wealth. The world totals of the three kinds of violence are broken down by 'rich North' & 'poor South' showing that, in 1965, the countries of the world's South (comprising 69% of world population) suffered 96% (or more) of the world's structural violence, 99.9% of the world's civil violence, & about 90% of the world's international violence (in terms of deaths). 2 Figures, 3 Tables. Modified HA.

The study of policy is above all the study of collective activity that affects a number of units of behavior & has a number of levels of interaction; many units of analysis must be used to interpret an activity in terms of its effects on many levels of state activity. The modern state is policy-determined, & can manipulate opinion quite apart from parties & ideologies, & even economics. In an autonomous state, structural analysis of policy would concentrate on "plausibility." Plausibility accrues when the state shows its ability to undertake certain actions despite its institutional constraints. Policy studies traditionally search for ways to maximize results; several views of how policy relates to politics are discussed. The "paradigm of plausibility" approach is presented as the most comprehensive, in which there is a reformulation of how policy relates to politics. The idea of plausibility looks at how a variety of norms are achieved. Trends in the literature suggest that policy determines politics & stems from jointness of demands placed on governmental performance. 1 Diagram. B. Hubinger.

The distribution of a society's resources affects not only the standard of living, but the changes of survival itself. A more equal distribution will normally increase the average length of life in society as a whole. The loss of life from an unequal distribution is an aspect of structural violence, ie, violence inherent in the social order. Measures of structural violence are developed, based on the potential increase in life expectancy. It is shown how these measures are related to the annual number of deaths & total death rates. One main result is the equality between the % loss of life years, & the % of deaths due to structural violence, when the population is in stationary equilibrium. A cohort approach is used to investigate structural violence over time, & methods for dealing with empirical, nonstationary populations are also developed. 8 Figures, 8 Tables. Modified HA.

The Goldwater candidacy for the presidency is used to assess the structural bases for right-wing conservatism in the US. 6 Gallup Poll surveys conducted during the period Feb through May 1964 measured, among samples of the nat'l adult civilian pop 21 yrs & older, preference for Goldwater as the Republican presidential candidate. The analysis is based on an 8,817 case consolidated sample of the white civilian adult pop. Nat'ly 13% named Goldwater as their choice. The incidence of support varies markedly by region, the South, & to a lesser degree the West being most pro-Goldwater & the East the least. There are only minor diff's re sex & age. Nat'ly, there is no diff by educ'al achievement, & only small diff's by income level & occup. In the East, Republicans were as unlikely as Democrats to prefer Goldwater, while in the South, Democrats were as likely as Republicans to do so. Only in the Midwest was there a signif diff between Protestants & Catholics, with the former somewhat more likely to prefer him. The interaction of occup, income & pol'al party preference varied by region, as did the interaction of religion, income, & pol'al party preference. It is concluded that even if the effect of the race issue in the South upon preference is discounted, region was still the primary r of support for Goldwater. It is postulated that the network of instit's from which rightwing conservatism stems is regionally distributed & that Goldwater conservatism may have been in large part the most recent manifestation of pol'al & econ competition between regions that has characterized much of US history. AA.

The changing role of the intrafirm trade of transnational corporations is given attention. In Third World primary product exports, the old order of intrafirm trade is changing to one of arms length relationships, & this is generating new problems in marketing. Transnationals are becoming more important than before in Third World exporting, & the new protectionism of the Organization of Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) countries is encouraging this trend. Transnationals have easily adapted to changing economic & political circumstances; labor has had more difficulty. 4 Tables. Modified HA.

An attempt is made to examine the nature & implications of the patterns of structural change that accompany economic development. The open static input/output technique has been used to present an intertemporal & international comparison of structures of development in the US, Japan, & India. The form of interaction between sectors is unilateral -- the matrix is either lower or upper triangular signifying the structure of the economy. Economic development is accompanied by changes in the intersectoral flows of intermediate goods, which causes the structural changes. The extent of these changes can also be measured. All economic activity has implications for employment: through the direct employment of labor in the production of output in the given sector, & indirectly through creating demand for intermediate output from other sectors. Thus the net effect on employment potential caused by a structural change depends on both the degree & the direction of change in each input coefficient & on the corresponding employment potential of each sector. 4 Tables. Modified HA.

Structural anthropology & its founder, C. Levi-Strauss can be related to Rousseau & Rousseauism. References to Rousseau are made in Levi-Strauss's Triste Tropiques ([Sad Tropics], Paris: Plon, 1955), Le Totemisme Aujourd'hui ([Totemism Today], Paris: Presses University de France, 1962), & 'Jean-Jacques Rousseau, foundateur des sciences de l'homme' ([Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Founder of the Sciences of Man], Anthropologie Structurale Deux, Paris: Plon, 1973). Levi-Strauss focuses on the contrast between culture & nature, as does Rousseau. He interprets & compares his own view with Rousseau's views on totemism & the origin of language & the antithesis between metonymy & metaphor. Although Levi-Strauss reflects Rousseau's views, he distorts them through two centuries of culture. Levi-Strauss attempts to use ethnology as a framework for Rousseau's philosophy, although ethnology did not exist in the eighteenth century. In spite of Levi-Strauss's forced analogies between Rousseau & himself, the influence of Rousseau on cultural anthropology is undeniable. Both have tried to 'protect nature against the excessive claims of culture.' A. Gelfer.

An attempt is made to demonstrate that the same basic methodology can be used for analyzing linguistic & poetic objects, & 'that the descriptive prodecures used in poetics-at least in the first phase-are merely an application & extension of procedures worked out in linguistics.' Literature is found to be 'not a field of semantics but a set of linguistic structures -still to be defined-which are used either as constructional categories or as rules for a coherent arrangement of the material contained in sequences brought to a close.' The study analyzes poetic COMM, the r between expression & content, the poetic object, & poetic euphoria. M. Duke.