The purpose of this paper is describing the ideas that have influenced current Russian and Spanish relations with the European Union (EU), determining the extent to which it has been perceived as a security issue, and explaining the contents of those perceptions. This is achieved by applying textual analysis to some of the main official statements by the top foreign and security policy decision-makers in both countries, Vladimir Putin and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. After studying Spain and Russia's identification with Europe, their foreign policy interests for relations with the EU, and the security component of those interests, I use Buzan's concept of security sectors in order to explain where Europe has been located by both countries in the continuum "source of threat – provider of security".
El principal objetivo de este documento es contribuir al análisis tanto de la marginación de los derechos territoriales de las mujeres en Brasil por parte de las instituciones gubernamentales, como de los movimientos de las mujeres rurales. Al objeto de contextualizar este análisis, la primera sección del informe presenta las transformaciones más amplias experimentadas por la economía rural brasileña, fundamentalmente en los dos últimos decenios, y los principales cambios operados en la situación las mujeres rurales a consecuencia de la modernización de la agricultura. Por lo tanto, en estas páginas se describen los desafíos que plantean los derechos territoriales de las mujeres desde la perspectiva de: (i) el Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA); (ii) el Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST), que carece de una estructura organizativa aparte para las mujeres; (iii) el sindicalismo rural, representado por la Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores da Agricultura (CONTAG), que cuenta con una estructura aparte con un sistema de cuotas para la participación de las mujeres en los sindicatos rurales; y (iv) la Articulação das Instâncias de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais-Sul y la Articulação Nacional de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais, que tiene una estructura autónoma para las mujeres. Estas secciones se basan en el análisis cualitativo de documentos y prospectos tanto del gobierno como de diversos movimientos, y en las investigaciones realizadas en este ámbito entre julio y septiembre de 2000. ; The main objective of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of the marginalization of women's land rights in Brazil by governmental institutions and rural women's movements. In order to contextualize this analysis, the first section of the paper presents the broader transformations of the Brazilian rural economy, principally over the last two decades, and the major changes that have occurred in the position of rural women as a result of agricultural modernization. The paper then describes the challenges posed by women's land rights from the perspectives of (i) the Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA); (ii) the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST), which does not have a separate organizational structure for women; (iii) rural trade unionism represented by the Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores da Agricultura (CONTAG), which does have a separate structure with a quota system for women's participation in the rural unions; and (iv) the Articulação das Instâncias de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais-Sul and Articulação Nacional de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais, which has a formally autonomous structure for women. These sections are based on qualitative analysis of documents and pamphlets both from the government and the various movements, and on field research carried out between July and September 2000. ; Cette étude entend principalement apporter sa contribution à l'analyse de la marginalisation, par les institutions gouvernementales et les mouvements des femmes rurales, des droits fonciers des femmes au Brésil. Pour situer le contexte de cette analyse, l'auteur présente dans la première section les grands changements qui se sont produits, surtout au cours des 20 dernières années, dans l'économie rurale au Brésil et dans la condition des femmes rurales à la suite de la modernisation de l'agriculture. Elle décrit ensuite les problèmes que posent les droits fonciers des femmes du point de vue de (i) l'Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA), (ii) du Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST), qui n'a pas de structure organique séparée pour les femmes, (iii) du syndicalisme rural représenté par la Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores da Agricultura (CONTAG), qui a une structure séparée ainsi qu'un système de quota pour assurer la participation des femmes aux activités des syndicats ruraux et (iv) de l'Articulação das Instâncias de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais-Sul et de l'Articulação Nacional de Mulheres Trabalhadoras Rurais, qui ont une structure officiellement autonome pour les femmes. Ces sections reposent sur l'analyse qualitative de documents et de brochures émanant tant du gouvernement que des divers mouvements, et sur les recherches menées sur le terrain entre juillet et septembre 2000. /
The paper examines the bidders behaviour in the Colombian government bond auctions during 2007 for the period in which there is no uncertainty in the supply. Three main findings are presented. First, in contrast with other treasury auctions (Castellanos [
Abstract Agencies offering supported employment (SE) in the European Union (EU) were surveyed using aWeb-based questionnaire in 2006. Responses were obtained from 184 organizations, primarily from Finland, Spain, and the United Kingdom (UK). The majority of respondents offered a wide range of services with 83% offering SE and about half having begun offering it in the last 5 years. The data showed many organizations offering services in addition to SE (e.g., vocational training or sheltered work provision). There was significant variation in provision of key elements of SE, particularly workplace support. This may disadvantage people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Funding of SE varied across areas,with 22% overall reliant on short-termEuropean funding. People with ID were the largest group of users by "minorities" in Finland and Spain.Most worked more than 24 h per week, with only a minority having permanent contracts. Hours of support were generally low. The authors conclude that funding for SE is fragile and that variations in the model used may disadvantage people with more severe ID, and thus lead to less effective SE. Fewer hours worked in the UK than elsewhere suggest a lack of harmonization of welfare benefit legislation provision across the EU, again affecting people with ID disproportionately. The study highlights the need for follow-up studies. ; Artículo publicado en el Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities (JPPID) del estudio realizado desde el INICO del que tenéis más abajo en castellano el informe completo. El estudio ha sido realizado en colaboración con el Welsh Centre for Learning Disabilities (WCLD) de la Universidad de Cardiff y la Unión Europea de Empleo con Apoyo (EUSE), y ha recibido el segundo premio de los premios AMPANS 2008 de Investigación sobre Personas con Discapacidad Intelectual que se convocan a nivel estatal.
This book presents some of the results from the international research project "Impact on equity of access and efficiency of Integrated Health care Networks in Colombia and Brazil (Equity-LA)". Equity-LA was funded by the European Union and had the participation of six institutions from Spain, Belgium, Colombia and Brazil. The project's main objective was to understand the impact of implementing integrated health care networks on access, coordination, efficiency, and equity of access in different Latin American contexts. This study provided results, but also generated new questions that led to Equity LA II project (www.equity-la.eu). Currently undergoing and funded by the European Union, Equity LA II will include data from four additional countries in Latin America (Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay) with the objective of broadening this understanding. The analyses described in this work refer exclusively to questions of access, coordination, continuity, and quality of care in health service networks, which are analyzed through a cases study, based on qualitative and quantitative data collected between 2009 and 2012. En este libro se presenta una parte de los resultados del proyecto internacional de investigación "Impacto en la equidad de acceso y la eficiencia de las redes integradas de servicios de salud en Colombia y Brasil (Equity-LA)", financiado por la Unión Europea y en el que participaron seis instituciones de cuatro países, dos europeos (España y Bélgica) y dos latinoamericanos (Colombia y Brasil). La investigación se diseñó con el propósito de mejorar la comprensión sobre el impacto de la implementación de las redes integradas de servicios de salud en el acceso, la coordinación, la eficiencia y la equidad de acceso, en diferentes contextos de Latinoamérica. El estudio además de evidencia, generó nuevas preguntas, que dieron lugar al proyecto Equity LA II (www.equity-la.eu), actualmente en desarrollo, también financiado por la Unión Europea, que profundiza en sus resultados y amplía el análisis a ...
La personalidad humana ha sido definida desde diferentes perspectivas a través de una variedad de escalas de medida de rasgos de personalidad, las cuales exhiben una escasa relación entre el concepto y el rasgo en particular, además de variar en la interpretación de acuerdo a quien la aplique. Es por ello que se pretende plantear un modelo descriptivo desde la psicología de la personalidad. A partir de un modelo taxonómico referenciado a finales de los años 30 se denotaron ciertas variables establecidas dentro de diferentes categorías , tales como: el estado de ánimo; la forma de relacionarnos con el otro; el impacto que provocamos en los demás; el tipo de actividades en el que nos involucramos; entre otros. Lo anterior para definir el gran modelo de las cinco dimensiones de la personalidad humana (1,6). La psicología en la personalidad es una herramienta que permite entender las conexiones entre el individuo y el self con el mundo exterior. En psiquiatría ha permitido definir el concepto de humanidad y desde allí construir modelos de enfermedad mental (14). Es difícil encontrar estudios de cruce cultural sobre la personalidad, más bien son estudios realizados en poblaciones de cada país. Sin embargo, el asumir los procesos de personalidad como universales es su naturaleza social, por lo cual es difícil estandarizar su investigación (6). El presente reporte pretende describir ciertos rasgos de personalidad en Tintín, un personaje de ficción que emerge en un contexto social de importancia histórica. A través de este estudio de caso pretendemos mostrar los rasgos de personalidad en el personaje de Tintín que resultan de su contexto sociocultural, abriendo a una discusión entre la relación existente de la presencia de los rasgos de personalidad y el contexto social; así como relacionar la influencia de las interacciones sociales como base de la estructura de la personalidad. Exploramos la perspectiva del autor dentro de la era cultural en la que fue desarrollada la historieta. ; Personality has been defined by different perspectives with a variety of scales used to measure personality traits. Scales that exhibit poor concept-name relation to the traits and that varies according to each assessor´s scale interpretation. In order to demur this problem, a particular study integrates concepts through the introduction of a descriptive model from personality psychology. This taxonomy is referenced in late 30's until the reduction of several variables involved in different categories such as the internal state of people, the effects they have in others, the activities they engage in, etc. All this in order to determine the big five dimensions of human personality (1,6). Personality psychology has allowed to determine and help us understand the connection between the people, the self with the external world. In psychiatry it has helped to define what the human been is made of and from it to construct a model of human mental disorders (14). Normally there is no cross-cultural study in the publications, but more simply personality research conducted in different countries. What gives an assumption that personality processes are universal is its social nature. Hence, it would be daring to define a standardized research of human personality (6). The present paper pretends to describe some of Tintin's personality traits, which emerged during an important historical social context. Through this case study, the objective is to outline TinTin's personality traits developed in its particular sociocultural context opening a discussion about the relation between personality traits and the social context where they appear. At the same time to correlate the foundation of the personality's structure with the influence of social interactions. Finally exploring the author's perspective inside the cultural era in which Tintin was created.
Worldwide fleet has continuously been growing during last years, using ballast water almost all of the vessels and increasing the risk of spread of invasive species into local environments. The risk of invasion has pushed the International Maritime Organization to legislate the control and treatment of ballast water to minimize the risks. For this reason, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments has played an essential role for achieving a proper control of the ballasting and de-ballasting process. After the different regulations included on the Convention, many Ballast Water Management Systems (BWMS) have been approved. The different treatment systems have clearly reduced ballast water impact but the only way for reducing completely the risk of invasion is to reduce the use of ballast water and to design alternative methods. Therefore, the international organizations should act for accomplish the reduction of ballast water usage in the near future and to motivate maritime industry to invest and to study new free-ballast vessel design. The methodology used during the paper consists on a deep theorical explanation of the ballast water impact (including Ballast Water Management Convention) and a comparison among four different BWMS. The aim of the comparison is to distinguish which system is best regarding the friendliness to the environment and the efficiency for the vessel. After the comparison, different proposals for improving the ballast water impact will be explained to understand how the risk can be even more reduced.
Worldwide fleet has continuously been growing during last years, using ballast water almost all of the vessels and increasing the risk of spread of invasive species into local environments. The risk of invasion has pushed the International Maritime Organization to legislate the control and treatment of ballast water to minimize the risks. For this reason, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments has played an essential role for achieving a proper control of the ballasting and de-ballasting process. After the different regulations included on the Convention, many Ballast Water Management Systems (BWMS) have been approved. The different treatment systems have clearly reduced ballast water impact but the only way for reducing completely the risk of invasion is to reduce the use of ballast water and to design alternative methods. Therefore, the international organizations should act for accomplish the reduction of ballast water usage in the near future and to motivate maritime industry to invest and to study new free-ballast vessel design. The methodology used during the paper consists on a deep theorical explanation of the ballast water impact (including Ballast Water Management Convention) and a comparison among four different BWMS. The aim of the comparison is to distinguish which system is best regarding the friendliness to the environment and the efficiency for the vessel. After the comparison, different proposals for improving the ballast water impact will be explained to understand how the risk can be even more reduced.
Pakistan is a developing country and faces the problem of the fiscal deficit since government expenditures are higher than revenues. In this situation the government has to raise loans to cover this deficit and the burden of loans and debt service is increasing significantly. Additionally, most of the budget has gone to service the debt. Under these circumstances, this study is an attempt to find the optimal size of the government and compare it with the actual size of the government. To calculate the optimal threshold level of government spending, the methodology used by Heerden (2008) for Pakistan is adopted. Finally, this study provides a guide for policymakers, either to reduce or increase the size of governme.
El artículo define y muestra las conexiones entre los conceptos fundamentales del análisis de regímenes políticos, desde Schumpeter a Linz. El análisis provee el contexto para resaltar cambios y continuidades en el trabajo que Guillermo O'Donnell dedicó a la política post-transicional,incluidas las nociones de democracia delegativa, zonas marrones e instituciones informales. El texto plantea que si estas nociones son combinadas con la sociología política de Max Weber, el último trabajo de O'Donnell en realidad implica una ruptura con el paradigma de la democratización. Su trabajo dejó de centrarse en cuestiones de acceso alpoder y pasó implícitamente a estudiar cuestiones de ejercicio del poder.
An estimated 33 million people are today infected with HIV, many living in conflict or post conflict settings. The international community is increasingly recognising the effect HIV/AIDS can have on national security and conflict, both exacerbating conflict and being an obstacle to peace. The article argues for considering HIV/AIDS as a security issue and concludes four main theories on the links between HIV/AIDS, national security and conflict: 1. Uniformed personnel as a vector of HIV, 2. National security threatened by HIV/AIDS affected state institutions, 3. Increased vulnerability to HIV infection in conflict and post-conflict environments, and 4. HIV as an obstacle to peace building. These four theories are explored in the Colombian context. Of the four theories investigated it was found that 1 and 3 presented the strongest linkages between HIV/AIDS, national security and conflict. The theories 2 and 4 were less strong, mainly due to the relatively low HIV prevalence rate in Colombia. (Colombia Internacional/ GIGA)
