Suchergebnisse

Cet article vise à reconstruire trois épisodes de l'histoire de Yavadvipa (émergence à Sumatra, conquête par Sri Vijaya, et renaissance à Java Central), dans lesquels le volcan Merapi joua un rôle, plus particulièrement au cours du troisième épisode durant lequel eut lieu un transfert des toponymes sumatranais Java ~ Jawa and Merapi en direction de Java et d'un volcan de cette île. Les témoignages de Kedukan Bukit, Kota Kapur, Canggal, Ligor (Chaiya, stèles A et B), les inscriptions cambodgiennes de Sdok Kak Thom, la Carita Parahiyangan sundanaise, les Annales vietnamiennes, et plusieurs sources chinoises ont été combinées afin de restituer le cadre historique dans lequel eurent lieu des relations entre les agriculteurs mégalithiques des plateaux, les marchands et hommes de mer ainsi que les centres urbains des basses terres et leurs souverains ; de sorte que des réponses possibles sont offertes à certaines questions embarrassantes des débuts de l'histoire indonésienne touchant au rôle de Sumatra, de Java et de la Péninsule, ainsi qu'au règne du roi Sanjaya, et à l'accession au pouvoir des Shailendras à Sri Vijaya.

Prehistoric Unity and Diversity of Java and Sumatra
The comparison of the archaeological records of Java and Sumatra allows to present a preliminary assessment defining future researches to be implemented in order to address major questions such as the origin of the " Austronesians". The geographical fates of both islands are different for modern humans and obviously played an important role, shared or separated, in the history and prehistory of Indonesia. From 20 000 to 5 000 BP, Java is marked by a technical heterogeneity in produced stone tools. In the meantime, Sumatra shows more homogenous technical choices, with a unifacial pebble shaping which still belongs to the Hoabinhian tradition. Recent palaeoanthropological data from Java indicate a large variability in funerary practices as well. Different types of burials, partial cremations and other mortuary practices are documented diachronically and synchronically. Consistent data related to funerary practices are still needed regarding Sumatra.

Hubert Forestier, I. R. D., Jakarta
Les éclats du passé préhistorique de Sumatra: une très longue histoire des techniques

Being a land bridge between mainland Southeast Asia and the Indonesian Archipelago, the island of Sumatra, by its geographical position, has played an important part in the human settlement of Indonesia. Since the ancient prehistory, Man has crossed the old sub-continent Sundaland and went inevitably through the Island of Sumatra before reaching Java. The first migrants, Homo erectus, the Hoabinhian foragers as well as the first farmers, all of them, from the ancient Palaeolithic until the Neolithic periods, have left behind them the splendid remains of their stone implements. We will discuss here the significance of these stone tools which are important landmarks in time and space, and which inform us about the prehistory and the ancient techniques of this still mostly unknown island. In the first place, this contribution reviews the history of discoveries in Sumatran prehistory from the beginning during the colonial period until the present. In the second place, we will present the new discoveries resulting from our recent fieldwork in order to try to give some new insights about the knowledge of the cultural sequences in the prehistory of this vast and forgotten island.

The first systematic archaeological research in the Highlands of Jambi in West Sumatra was pursued by a joint German-Indonesian project from 2002 to 2008. The project was attracted by the impressive megalithic remains which are known since the early 20th century. Different areas of this important cultural region were surveyed and six archaeological sites excavated in order to provide a comprehensive account of the settlement history of this region. With this multi-local and diachronic approach in mind it was possible to document developments in the settlement pattern and material culture from an early Neolithic phase in the mid of the 2nd millennium BC to modern times. Reconstructing the history of this particular highland region by means of archaeological data and additional ethnohistoric sources was not the only objective. Another purpose was to set it in relation to socioeconomic and political developments in the history of the lowlands. The results and conclusions of this highland perspective on the archaeology and history of Sumatra are summarised in this article.

Claudine Salmon, Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, Paris La sériciculture à Sumatra Nord. De l'histoire à la légende de Job
The history of sericulture in Indonesia is poorly documented. Some hints are to be found in Chinese and European records, but to the best of our knowledge local sources are almost silent. The first allusion to silkworm raising appears in the Zhufan zhi "A Description of Barbarous People" (1225) for Java. If this activity was not very successful in Java, it developed rather well in North Sumatra where it was well rooted and, with ups and downs, lasted over five centuries. It has just came to an end in the late 1980s.
This paper is divided into three parts. The first attempts to reconstruct the history of this activity as it may be perceived in various travelogues. The second relates the fascinating legend of the origin of the silkworm, which was collected in Aceh at the beginning of the 20th century by a Dutch official. This legend, which links the worms that inhabited the sores of Ayyûb (the Job of the Bible) to the first silkworms, takes us far from China to the Middle- East and further westwards into Southern Europe. Finally, the paper reflects on the significance of this industry in the political and commercial context of North Sumatra in which Arabs, Persians and other Muslim merchants who came from India all took a part.

Daniel Perret, École française d'Extrême-Orient, Paris. Lucas P. Koestoro, Balai Arkeologi, Medan. Heddy Surachman & Sukawati Susetyo, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional Indonesia, Jakarta
Le programme archéologique franco-indonésien sur Padang Lawas (Sumatra Nord). Réflexions préliminaires

The Padang Lawas area in the North Sumatra Province has been known since the middle of the 19th century for its numerous Hindu-Buddhist remains located on the upper course of the Barumun river basin, at the foot of the Barisan range. This paper begins with a brief review of the research on architecture, art and inscriptions conducted in Padang Lawas during the last century. Suggested datings for the temples by previous authors range from the 11th to the 14th century and some indications point to the practice of Vajrayåna Buddhism, Sivaism and a Buddhist-Sivaist syncretism. By contrast, researches on ancient settlements in Padang Lawas started much more recently, less than ten years ago in fact, with the rediscovery of a complex system of earthen walls and moats at Si Pamutung. The promising results of the first test-pits did encourage the launching in 2006 of the second phase of a joint French-Indonesian archaeological program focused on the ancient settlements of Tapanuli since 2001. Pottery, Chinese ceramics, glass, beads and terra-cottas, as well as the remains of a brick structure were found during this first campaign. These finds confirm that Si Pamutung was a major settlement in Padang Lawas. These first results raise questions on the chronology, the nature and the structure of the Si Pamutung settlement itself. In addition, their combination with previous data brings new hypotheses regarding the population of Padang Lawas, its connection with coastal settlements in the region and its relation with neighbouring economic and political power, as well as farther centres in Asia.

International audience ; The Padang Lawas area in the North Sumatra Province has been known since the middle of the 19th century for its numerous Hindu-Buddhist remains located on the upper course of the Barumun river basin, at the foot of the Barisan range. This paper begins with a brief review of the research on architecture, art and inscriptions conducted in Padang Lawas during the last century. Suggested datings for the temples by previous authors range from the 11th to the 14th century and some indications point to the practice of Vajrayåna Buddhism, Sivaism and a Buddhist-Sivaist syncretism. By contrast, researches on ancient settlements in Padang Lawas started much more recently, less than ten years ago in fact, with the rediscovery of a complex system of earthen walls and moats at Si Pamutung. The promising results of the first test-pits did encourage the launching in 2006 of the second phase of a joint French-Indonesian archaeological program focused on the ancient settlements of Tapanuli since 2001. Pottery, Chinese ceramics, glass, beads and terra-cottas, as well as the remains of a brick structure were found during this first campaign. These finds confirm that Si Pamutung was a major settlement in Padang Lawas. These first results raise questions on the chronology, the nature and the structure of the Si Pamutung settlement itself. In addition, their combination with previous data brings new hypotheses regarding the population of Padang Lawas, its connection with coastal settlements in the region and its relation with neighbouring economic and political power, as well as farther centres in Asia.

Pavel Durdik spent 5 years in Aceh as a military surgeon for the Dutch troups during the war between 1878 and 1883. After returning to his native Bohemia, he wrote an account of his Sumatran experience in Czech, Pet let na Sumatra. Vypraveni vojenského lékare, 1877-1883
(Five years in Sumatra. Accounts of a military surgeon, 1877-1883), published in 1893. The book has never been translated. Here we present long extracts in French. The testimony of this witness to the conquest of Aceh by the Dutch is all the more worthy of interest as it depicts the horrific realities of the clashes Its author was free from prejudice, as he was unacquainted with the dispute. The fact that he was himself a subject of a nation still under foreign (Austrian) hegemony doubtless helped him become an admirer of the Acehnese's courageous endeavours in their struggle for independence.

Le programme archéologique franco-indonésien de Kota Cina (Sumatra-Nord) : résultats préliminaires et perspectives.
Situé entre Medan et Belawan, sur la côte nord-est de Sumatra, le site archéologique de Kota Cina a été redécouvert au début des années 1970. Prospections et sondages conduits à l'époque sur une superficie de quelque 137 m² ont révélé les vestiges de huit structures en briques à fonction religieuse, des sculptures en pierre, des statues hindoues et bouddhiques, des centaines de kilogrammes de poteries, grès et porcelaines, objets métalliques, verre, perles en pierre, ainsi que des kilogrammes de vestiges organiques, datés entre la fin du XIe s. et le début du XIVe s. EC. Les recherches archéologiques ont repris en 2011 à Kota Cina. Les résultats préliminaires et perspectives de ce projet franco-indonésien sont présentés dans cet article. Ces prospections et sondages confirment l'importance de ce site d'habitat, comparé à des sites similaires récemment fouillés à Sumatra-Nord. Au-delà des questions relatives au site lui-même, ce programme tentera de replacer Kota Cina dans l'histoire de l'archipel, et d'éclairer son rôle dans les relations entre l'océan Indien et la Chine.

In the course of the years 1870-80, colonial enterprises developed in several places around the Straits : estates on the East Coast of Sumatra, tin on the Malay peninsula, projects to cut through the isthmus of Kra. Xavier Brau de Saint-Pol Lias (1840-1914) found himself at the intersection of these enterprises which, in Sumatra, failed. His own attempt, called Colons- Explorateurs, established south of Deli, went bad. He tried to take advantage of the Dutch pacification of Aceh to renew the estates there but he did not imagine that the war would be endless. Supported in France by the movement which brought together geography and colonization, he represents a modernized version of the explorer who comes into contact with populations, methodically collects and then, on the wave of the adventure novel, markets his experience to assure its deserved celebrity through his talks, his articles and his books.

Customary Law between Legalization, Community, and Identity: Sumatra and Northern France around 1100 Was there a dawn of customary law in Europe around 1100 ? The topic has been hotly debated. Some think that mentions of customs in written sources point to ancient rules that are revealed by the increased literacy. Others argue in an opposite way that customary law is an intellectual construction that bears little relation with social reality. This article takes the topic of customary law afresh using a comparative and pluralistic point of view. It shows how customary law is related to collective identities. I compare the Indonesian case of the adat (customs) of the Minangkabau (Sumatra) with the French Northern city of Beauvais. I also use as a counterpoint to case studies late 11th century commentaries on Ciceronian rhetoric from the School of Laon. To exist or survive, a custom needs to mark a difference with the surrounding legal system. Therefore, customs appear in situations of legal conflict when the rule to apply is uncertain. However, to be sustainable, a custom must follow criteria of rationality or be rejected as dangerous. Case studies for Beauvais and the rhetorical teaching of William of Champeaux reveal that customary law is not always understood as an heritage of the past but as a legal choice of a community that has to be checked by a body of legal experts : town scabini or prelates. During the short-lived dawn of customary law around 1100, multiple actors have overlapping frameworks of legal consciousness. New customs could therefore be, at the same time, markers of identity and political tools. Legalization of society is a process that cannot be only explained by the birth of Law Faculties. ; L'émergence du droit coutumier au siècle en Europe est un sujet controversé qui a fait l'objet d'approches diverses que l'on peut schématiser selon deux axes. Pour certains, il y aurait en Europe des traditions juridiques locales ancestrales qui émergeraient dans la documentation à cette époque. D'autres ...

This is a review article of a catalogue of Sumatra inscriptions, recently published in Indonesia. After some remarks on this catalogue, the article presents details about twelve (groups of) inscriptions originating from the Musi and Batang Hari rivers basins, in the provinces of South Sumatra, Jambi and West Sumatra. Some items offer additional information (especially readings and translations) for entries in the catalogue, but most of them present inscriptions which were not included in the catalogue at all. Looking at new data from just three Sumatran provinces, it turns out that quite a lot of new epigraphic material still needs to be revealed to scholars. The new material throws light on the religious (especially Buddhist) history of the island, including its reflection in stone and bronze sculpture. It also comprises significant new data on the Old Malay language.