Suchergebnisse

I / The Growing Interdependence of Sumatra and the United States 1873 to the Present -- Political Interests at the start of the Atjeh War -- Eastern Sumatra Imports to the United States -- Native Agricultural Products Imported From Sumatra's East Coast -- Modern Plantation Crops of the East Coast of Sumatra -- The Interdependence of the United States and Sumatra -- II / Black Gold — The History of American Enterprise in Indonesian Oil Development -- Americans Establish the Kerosene Trade -- Americans Develop the First Sumatran Oil -- Standard Tries to get Sumatran Production -- Dissolution of Standard and Founding of N.K.P.M -- The American Government steps into the Djambi Oil Dispute -- Prewar Development by American Oil Firms -- World War II -- The Americans Return after the War -- The Development of Central Sumatra -- Benefits to Indonesia -- Activities of Other American Firms -- Prospects for the Future -- III / Wealth from Trees — The History of American Enterprise in Indonesian Rubber -- Early Imports of Rubber from Sumatra -- Earliest American ventures in Rubber -- U.S. Rubber creates the World's Largest Plantation -- U.S. Rubber Pioneers in Scientific Production of Rubber -- Rubber during World War I -- Four Other American companies join U.S. Rubber in Sumatra -- The Flag Follows Trade: A Consulate opened at Medan -- Rubber Restriction -- The Great Depression -- World War II -- Postwar Re-Establishment -- Since the Korean War -- Prospects for the Future -- IV / American Contributions to Education, Religious and Secular -- The Martyrdom of Munson and Lyman, 1834 -- Reopening of American Mission Work in Sumatra -- The Seventh-Day Adventists Start the First Permanent Work -- Methodist Educational Work before World War II -- Non-Religious Educational Work by Americans -- Pre-War Work of Other Religious Groups -- World-War II and its aftermath -- Since Independence, 1949 -- Recent Non-Religious Education -- V / Scholar — Adventurers -- Thomas Horsfield -- American Navy Exploration Expeditions -- First American Exploration of the Interior -- The Great Animal Collectors -- Astronomers in the Antipodes -- Americans in Batakland -- Interwar Researches -- Postwar American Scholar-Visitors -- American Writings on Sumatra.

Long before the time of Majapahit there had been small communities of Arab merchants living in South East Asia. Groeneveldt (1880, 14–5) quotes a Chinese source dated 674 A.D. as mentioning an Arab settlement which he believed was on the west coast of Sumatra. By 915 Arab traders had sailed across the Bay of Bengal and discovered a large trade market south of the Isthmus of Kra. But by 1300 Islam had begun to appear east of India as a proselytizing force. Its power was to bring about the downfall of Majapait two centuries later, and politically to change the face of South East Asia.

Based on paper presented before the Association of Asian studies, Boston, Mass., Apr., 1957.

The genealogy of the Batak people -- I. Genealogical structure: the kinship system -- II. Religious concepts -- III. The corporate communities (haradjaon) -- IV. Some general observations -- V. Matrimonial law (Adat pardongan-saripeon) -- VI. Inheritance law (Adat taringot tu tadingtadingan) -- VII. The law of land tenure (Adat partanoon) -- VIII. The law relating to debts (Adat dibagasan pardabu-dabuanon) -- IX. The law of offences (Panguhumon tu angka parsala) -- X. Settling disputes (Ruhut ni parhataon) -- Appendices -- Index of Batak words -- Legal Maxims and Aphorisms.

The two administrative units of Sumatra with which this paper is concerned are East Sumatra, stretching along the Strait of Malacca, and North Tapanuli, extending from the mountainous interior around Lake Toba to the Indian Ocean.At the beginning of the nineteenth century, East Sumatra and Tapanuli (except for a small number of Indian-Ocean settlements and trading posts in the latter) were completely outside of the political sphere of interest of European powers. The Treaty of London of 1824, however, delineated Malaya as a British sphere of interest and Sumatra as a Dutch sphere. But it was nearly another forty years before the Dutch turned their attention to East Sumatra and North Tapanuli. In the forward movement which then began, planters and Christian missionaries played highly significant and critical roles; in the pioneer decades they were actually either ahead of the flag or were overshadowing the colonial government officials.

The two administrative units of Sumatra with which this paper is concerned are East Sumatra, stretching along the Strait of Malacca, and North Tapanuli, extending from the mountainous interior around Lake Tobe to the Indian Ocean.