Water governance is a major challenge in the Mediterranean context. Any action to drive water governance towards sustainability needs to be grounded in a holistic understanding of such challenges. Therefore, a first step towards the improvement of water governance is a grounded understanding of what is at stake, who are the actors involved, and how they interact. To achieve this level of understanding, we propose the use of the social–ecological Systems (SES) framework. This framework was developed to grasp the complexity of issues related to the sustainable use of public goods such as water. This study looks at water governance in the farming sector of three municipalities in the Alentejo and Algarve, in the south of Portugal. Data were collected using a literature review and 22 semi-structured interviews with territorial actors (i.e., public administration, non-governmental associations, private sector, decision-makers, and farmers). By using the SES framework, we provide an integrated characterization of water governance in the case study and identify the implicated factors. Between these factors, and focusing on the overlap between literature and actors' perspectives, are (1) the lack of integrated and supported strategies for development, and (2) lack of communication between the actors that need to congregate efforts towards sustainable use of water resources. The study found few examples of collective efforts and long-lasting networks of collaboration, especially between science and practice. We conclude by arguing that place-based tailored policies are needed. Such policies should promote communication and collective actions between researchers, local organizations, public administration, and farmers.
A juventude da Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (ATS), enquanto política institucional no âmbito nacional, sinaliza a necessidade de uma reflexão sobre como se deu sua implementação, sob as perspectivas de sua inserção na política de saúde e do campo científico. Ao final de sua primeira década, levantam-se as perguntas: a ATS se traduziu em uma política de saúde (policy) informada pela ciência? Sua fundamentação científica foi usada a serviço da política (politics)? Para compreender esse processo político, aplicamos a teoria de múltiplos fluxos formulada por John Kingdon. Estabeleceu-se um equilíbrio instável entre o uso da ciência para informar a política e o uso político da ciência. A sobrevivência dessa política dependerá não só da ciência, mas da arte de orquestrar os interesses dos vários agentes, de forma que a ATS se torne uma política de saúde de fortalecimento e sustentabilidade do SUS. ; The youth of Health Technology Assessment (HTA), as an institutional policy at the national level, signals the need to reflect on how its implementation took place under the perspective of its insertion in health policy and the scientific field. At the end of its first decade, these questions arise: has HTA translated into a health policy informed by science? Has its scientific foundation been used in the service of politics? To understand this political process, we apply the multiple-streams framework formulated by John Kingdon. The use of science to inform policy and the political use of science present themselves in an unstable balance. The survival of this policy will depend not only on science but on the art of orchestrating the interests of various agents so that HTA becomes a health policy for strengthening and sustainability of SUS.
This article aims to critically analyze, from an environmental perspective, the possibility of approval and putting into effect the Free Trade Agreement signed between the European Union and MERCOSUR, in 2019. Bearing in mind that one of the commitments derived from the treaty concerns the fulfillment of the goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, regarding the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases and considering the current political-environmental panorama in Brazil, the question is: What are the prognoses about the future of the Agreement MERCOSUR-European Union, considering the current environmental, legal and political scenario regarding the probable non-compliance with the sustainability goals assumed by Brazil in the Paris Agreement, with regard to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the forest devastation in the Legal Amazon? To guide the proposed research, the normative-descriptive and comparative analysis methods will be adopted, using the bibliographic research technique, of documentary nature. ; Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar, de forma crítica, sob o viés ambiental, a possibilidade de aprovação e colocação em vigência do Acordo de livre comércio celebrado entre a União Europeia e o Mercosul, em 2019. Tendo em vista que um dos compromissos derivados do tratado diz respeito ao cumprimento das metas do Acordo de Paris sobre Alterações Climáticas, quanto à redução da emissão dos gases de efeito estufa e, considerando o atual panorama político–ambiental no Brasil, questiona-se: Quais são os prognósticos sobre o futuro do Acordo Mercosul-União Europeia, considerando-se o atual cenário ambiental, legal e político referente ao provável descumprimento das metas de sustentabilidade assumidas pelo Brasil no Acordo de Paris, no tocante à redução da emissão de gases de efeito estufa e às devastações florestais na Amazônia Legal? Para guiar a pesquisa proposta, serão utilizados os métodos de análise normativo-descritivo e comparativo, valendo-se da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, de cunho documental.
Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze projections that impact sustainable urban mobility for the year 2030 in small and medium-sized cities that use the bus as the main modal. Theoretical framework: The research brings perspectives to make urban mobility in small and medium-sized Brazilian cities more sustainable. Method: The Survey method was used; data collection through a questionnaire applied to public transport specialists in Brazil. In the data analysis, the calculation of the degree of agreement of the answers was used for 13 projections, in three aspects: probability of occurrence, business impact and the desire to occur. The averages of each category were also taken, plotted on a graph with X axis (probability of occurrence) and Y axis (impact on the transport sector). Results and conclusion: The results point to an increase in the use of semi-public transport, tariff changes and greater integration between the bus and more sustainable modes such as walking and cycling. For sustainable mobility, a greater interest in sustainability, investment in infrastructure, dedicated corridors and lanes, integration between modes, use of renewable energy and implementation of subsidy can be the key to environmental solutions. Research implications: The research contributed theoretically to the literature review and managerial and political questionnaire indicating the priority points for public and private investments. Originality/value: The research points out investment points to make urban mobility more sustainable and at the same time profitable for transport companies ; El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las proyecciones que impactan en la movilidad urbana sostenible para el año 2030 en ciudades pequeñas y medianas que utilizan el autobús como modal principal. Para cumplir con el objetivo, se utilizó el método de encuesta con recolección de datos a través de un cuestionario aplicado a especialistas en transporte público en Brasil. El análisis de datos utilizó el cálculo del grado de acuerdo de ...
Local governments across the world are in the middle of technological and economic developments that come together in the catch-all label of smart cities or innovative cities. In a smart city, ICT-infused infrastructures enable the extensive monitoring and steering of city maintenance, mobility, air and water quality, energy usage, among others. The effect of growing population and the challenges regarding urbanization and environmental sustainability have led the European Union to adopt different policies and initiatives to promote this new city model. Nevertheless, such processes use and produce massive amounts of data, which could affect people's privacy. Countries like Spain have begun to invest in smart cities and Artificial Intelligence projects to improve efficiency in the public sector. However, the use of artificial intelligence can generate several problems such as opacity, legal uncertainty, or breaches of personal data protection. Therefore, the goal of this article is to identify the main legal challenges for public administrations derived from the development of innovative cities and the use of AI regarding to privacy. ; Los gobiernos locales de todo el mundo se encuentran en medio de desarrollos tecnológicos y económicos que se unen en la etiqueta general de ciudades inteligentes o ciudades innovadoras. En una ciudad inteligente, las infraestructuras infundidas en las TIC permiten el monitoreo y la dirección extensivos del mantenimiento de la ciudad, la movilidad, la calidad del aire y del agua, el uso de energía, entre otros. El efecto del crecimiento demográfico y los desafíos en materia de urbanización y sostenibilidad ambiental han llevado a la Unión Europea a adoptar diferentes políticas e iniciativas para impulsar este nuevo modelo de ciudad. Sin embargo, dichos procesos utilizan y producen cantidades masivas de datos, lo que podría afectar la privacidad de las personas. Países como España han comenzado a invertir en ciudades inteligentes y proyectos de Inteligencia Artificial para mejorar ...
Rio de Janeiro has been a textbook example of the limitations of smart city development, epitomized by IBM´s control room developed in the heyday of the city´s Olympic agenda. Over the last years, the smart city discussion has expanded to include notions of sustainable development in the form of a "smart-sustainable" perspective to urban planning, observed by the increasing concern with socio-environmental aspects, beyond those of strictly economic and technological nature. This paper draws on 61 initiatives to analyse how the city´s smart ambitions have evolved in this respect, scrutinizing domains, stakeholders, and focus, namely under a new context of political turmoil and budget restrictions. While most initiatives suggest weak collaborative environments and tensions between smart and sustainability ambitions, there is evidence that stagnation co-exists with the blurring between top-down and bottom-up initiatives, opening new challenges to understand smart-sustainable city development in crisis-ridden and budget-scarce cities. ; Río de Janeiro es un ejemplo de las limitaciones del desarrollo de las ciudades inteligentes, personificado por la sala de control de IBM, desarrollada en el furor de la agenda olímpica de la ciudad. Durante los últimos años, la discusión sobre smart city se ha ampliado a incluir nociones de desarrollo sostenible en la forma de una perspectiva "inteligente-sostenible" de la planificación urbana, observada por la creciente preocupación por los aspectos socioambientales, y no solo estrictamente económicos y tecnológicos. Este artículo se basa en 61 iniciativas en curso, para analizar cómo han evolucionado las ambiciones de la ciudad, como ciudad inteligente, examinando dominios, partes interesadas y enfoque, centrándose en un nuevo contexto de cambio político y restricciones presupuestarias. Si bien la mayoría de las iniciativas ilustran entornos de colaboración débiles y tensiones entre ambiciones inteligentes y sostenibles, existe evidencia de que el estancamiento coexiste con la ...
With the advent of globalization and access to information, social networks came to be widely used by different generations. However, environmental issues have been causing global impacts, as well as issues of social vulnerability. Environmental awareness awakens new consumption habits, implementing a new socially responsible posture. This study aims to analyze the influence of social networks on environmental awareness and the social responsibility of Baby Boomers, Generations X, and Y, in the regions of South and Southeast Brazil. We use the methodology of quantitative and descriptive research, by means of the Structural Equation Modeling. The results highlight that individuals who are exposed to information (videos, photos, texts) related to social responsibility and environmental sustainability are positively influenced in the formation of social and environmental awareness. However, generation Y presented the lowest means of responses in the search for information on environmental and social issues. This is relevant to society, teaching institutions, government agencies, as well as companies, in order to promote actions and information on social and environmental responsibility, in order to engage Generation Y in sustainable development. ; Com o advento da globalização e o acesso às informações, as redes sociais passaram a ser amplamente utilizadas pelas gerações. Contudo, a problemática ambiental vem provocando impactos em nível global, assim como encontramse questões de vulnerabilidade social. Coerentemente, a consciência ambiental desperta novos hábitos de consumo, implementando nova postura socialmente responsável. Perante o exposto, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a influência das redes sociais sobre a consciência ambiental e a responsabilidade social das gerações Baby Boomers, X e Y, nas regiões do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. A metodologia utilizada tratou-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e descritiva, por meio da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais. Os resultados destacam que os indivíduos que estão ...
The international movement for health promotion began in the 1980s. The I International Conference on Health Promotion, November 1986, in Ottawa, Canada, signals the historical milestone for the paradigm shift. Discussions based on the Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care in the WHO document on Health for All, as well as on the debate at the World Health Assembly, originated the "The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion"(1). According to the document: "Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health."1 Promoting health is now an obligation in the various health systems, articulated to actions that aim to respond to the diversity of social needs not dissociated from human potentialities. In the new paradigm of intervention of the health sector the approach goes beyond national considerations, appealing to the participation of actors and partnerships and the articulation between research and clinical practice. In this pact, everyone will have a role to play in disseminating reference practices - citizens, health professionals, educators, workers in the various sectors, municipalities and the Government(2). Changes in the coming years will pose challenges for all sectors of society (from education, the environment, the economy, the quality of services and skills of professionals), where policies will play an important role for their demands on health promotion(3). The research that has been done in this context highlights that the specific regional needs identified during the policy-building process reinforce the wealth of developing, in an innovative, democratic and participatory way, actions that can give meaning to health promotion. It is the example of the study that announces the sustainability of public health promotion policies, highlighting the formation of collaborative networks, as well as political and legislative consistency that allows the continuity of interventions(4). Other studies, based on review processes in the political area, state ...
The 8th Global Conference on Health Promotion(1), held in Helsinki in 2013, built on pillars established in the Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) and the Ottawa Charter (1986), adopted the theme "Health in all policies". Such approach comes to clarify the responsibility of governments to their people, highlighting health as a fundamental right and a matter of fairness and social justice. Therefore, synergy in decisions should be achieved in order to avoid adverse impacts on health. Conceptually, that is expressed by the principles of legitimacy, accountability, transparency and access to information, participation, sustainability, and collaboration between sectors and levels of government. Changes in health concepts have determined the review of the concept of health promotion and have enabled the redesign of public policies. It should be emphasized that health promotion(2) must be understood and structured in two major areas, where promotional activities overlap disease prevention, and another one related to the expansion of the concept of health, in which the subjects become involved and contribute to ensure living conditions. In Brazil, the institutionalization of the National Policy for Health Promotion(3) in the health scenario is an example of mainstreaming policy already explained that health is not restricted only to the health sector(4). This policy aims to promote the quality of life, reduce vulnerabilities and health risks related to its determinants - ways of living, working conditions, housing, environment, education, leisure, culture, access to essential goods and services. It is noteworthy the fact that this policy stands out for its inclusiveness and integrative character, and is able to tune in to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights(5), which in Article 1 proclaims that "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood". From these concepts one can say that the ...
Safe disposal of sewage sludge is one of the most pressing issues in the wastewater treatment cycle: at the European Union level, sludge production is expected to reach 13 Mt by year 2020. Sludge disposal costs may constitute up to, and sometimes above, 50% of the total cost of operation of a WWTP, and contribute to over 40% of its GHGs emissions. The most common disposal options at the moment are landfilling, disposal in agriculture (about 40% EU-wide), incineration or co-incineration, and use in the industrial production of bricks, asphalts and concrete. Sewage sludge, however, still contains beneficial resources such as nutrients, that can be recovered through specific processes (e.g. precipitation as struvite) and energy, recoverable through a variety of approaches. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of urban waste sludge was applied for the production of oil, (Syn)gas, and biochar that were afterwards characterized and compared to mainstream alternative fuels (biodiesels) and other material recovery options. Sustainability issues related to the production of biodiesel/biochars from urban wastewater treatment sludge are also discussed. The paper shows that waste urban sludge can indeed be a full component of the urban circular economy by allowing, if properly processed, recovery of energy resources at multiple levels: bio-oils (biodiesel), syngas and bio-char, all having definite advantages for final residues use and disposal. Biodiesel, in particular, allowing energy recovery as liquid fuel, offers a much more flexible and efficient utilization. ; Safe disposal of sewage sludge is one of the most pressing issues in the wastewater treatment cycle: at the European Union level, sludge production is expected to reach 13 Mt by year 2020. Sludge disposal costs may constitute up to, and sometimes above, 50% of the total cost of operation of a WWTP, and contribute to over 40% of its GHGs emissions. The most common disposal options at the moment are landfilling, disposal in agriculture (about 40% EU-wide), incineration or co-incineration, and use in the industrial production of bricks, asphalts and concrete. Sewage sludge, however, still contains beneficial resources such as nutrients, that can be recovered through specific processes (e.g. precipitation as struvite) and energy, recoverable through a variety of approaches. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of urban waste sludge was applied for the production of oil, (Syn)gas, and biochar that were afterwards characterized and compared to mainstream alternative fuels (biodiesels) and other material recovery options. Sustainability issues related to the production of biodiesel/biochars from urban wastewater treatment sludge are also discussed. The paper shows that waste urban sludge can indeed be a full component of the urban circular economy by allowing, if properly processed, recovery of energy resources at multiple levels: bio-oils (biodiesel), syngas and bio-char, all having definite advantages for final residues use and disposal. Biodiesel, in particular, allowing energy recovery as liquid fuel, offers a much more flexible and efficient utilization. ; A eliminação segura das lamas de esgoto é uma das questões mais urgentes no ciclo de tratamento de águas residuais: a nível da União Européia, espera-se que a produção de lamas atinja 13 Mt até o ano 2020. Os custos de disposição das lamas podem constituir-se e às vezes acima de 50% Custo total de operação de uma ETAR e contribui para mais de 40% das emissões de GEEs. As opções de eliminação mais comuns no momento são: aterro, eliminação na agricultura (cerca de 40% em toda a escala), incineração ou co-incineração, uso na produção industrial de tijolos, asfaltos, concreto. As lamas de esgoto, no entanto, ainda contêm recursos benéficos, como nutrientes, que podem ser recuperados através de processos específicos (por exemplo, precipitação como estruvita) e energia, recuperável através de uma variedade de abordagens. A pirólise assistida por microondas de lama de lixo urbano foi aplicada para a produção de petróleo, gás (Syn) e biochar que posteriormente foram caracterizados e comparados aos principais combustíveis alternativos (biodiesels) e outras opções de recuperação de materiais. São discutidos os problemas de sustentabilidade relacionados à produção de biodiesel / biochars de lamas de tratamento de águas residuais urbanas. O documento mostra que o lodo urbano residual pode de fato ser um componente completo da economia circular urbana, permitindo, se devidamente processado, a recuperação de recursos energéticos em vários níveis: bio-óleos (biodiesel), gás de síntese e bio-carbon, todos com vantagens definidas para o uso e eliminação de resíduos finais. O biodiesel, em particular, que permite a recuperação de energia como combustível líquido, oferece uma utilização muito mais flexível (e eficiente).
Algunas comunidades indígenas andinas en el Ecuador están aprovechando una demanda en crecimiento del turismo comunitario en los consumidores de turismo en países desarrollados, quienes buscan experimentar la riqueza cultural de los pueblos encéntrales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la estrategia de negocio del turismo comunitario desarrollado dentro de las comunidades indígenas asentadas en los Andes y el papel de sus stakeholders dentro de esa estrategia en un marco de ética compleja, con el objetivo de alcanzar un desarrollo sustentable coherente con ese código de comportamiento. Para esta investigación, se utilizó la metodología de estudio de caso único. El objeto observado fue a la Fundación ECORED, organización dedicada a la actividad de turismo comunitario dentro de la localidad de San Clemente, pequeña comunidad indígena perteneciente a la Nación Kichwa asentada en la Provincia de Imbabura, en la sierra ecuatoriana. El levantamiento de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas, observación directa del fenómeno y una revisión de documentos y bibliografía. El estudio reveló que la estrategia de negocio del turismo comunitario en el caso estudiado se puede definir como eco-estrategia sustentable donde la Tierra es considerada como una entidad viva y sagrado. Fundamentada en una base ética altruista, responsable y solidaria, la estrategia del turismo comunitario dentro de San Clemente tiene objetivos económicos, ambientales, sociales, políticos y territoriales por cumplir, dejando pequeño el análisis clásico de la sustentabilidad del Triple Bottom Line. Se evidenció una gestión fundamentada en valores, temas y relaciones con los stakeholders enfocada hacia el valor intrínseco de la sustentabilidad. La estrategia de negocios de la ECORED prueba que el desarrollo sustentable no es utópico, es posible y necesario. ; Algunas comunidades indígenas andinas en el Ecuador están aprovechando una demanda en crecimiento del turismo comunitario en los consumidores de turismo en países desarrollados, quienes buscan experimentar la riqueza cultural de los pueblos encéntrales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la estrategia de negocio del turismo comunitario desarrollado dentro de las comunidades indígenas asentadas en los Andes y el papel de sus stakeholders dentro de esa estrategia en un marco de ética compleja, con el objetivo de alcanzar un desarrollo sustentable coherente con ese código de comportamiento. Para esta investigación, se utilizó la metodología de estudio de caso único. El objeto observado fue a la Fundación ECORED, organización dedicada a la actividad de turismo comunitario dentro de la localidad de San Clemente, pequeña comunidad indígena perteneciente a la Nación Kichwa asentada en la Provincia de Imbabura, en la sierra ecuatoriana. El levantamiento de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas, observación directa del fenómeno y una revisión de documentos y bibliografía. El estudio reveló que la estrategia de negocio del turismo comunitario en el caso estudiado se puede definir como eco-estrategia sustentable donde la Tierra es considerada como una entidad viva y sagrado. Fundamentada en una base ética altruista, responsable y solidaria, la estrategia del turismo comunitario dentro de San Clemente tiene objetivos económicos, ambientales, sociales, políticos y territoriales por cumplir, dejando pequeño el análisis clásico de la sustentabilidad del Triple Bottom Line. Se evidenció una gestión fundamentada en valores, temas y relaciones con los stakeholders enfocada hacia el valor intrínseco de la sustentabilidad. La estrategia de negocios de la ECORED prueba que el desarrollo sustentable no es utópico, es posible y necesario. ; Some indigenous Andean communities in Ecuador are taking advantages of the growing demand of community tourism in tourism consumers in developed countries, who seek to experience the rich culture of peoples from the center of America. The aim of this study was to analyze the business strategy of community tourism developed within the indigenous communities in the Andes and the role of its stakeholders within that strategy in a complex framework of ethics, in order to achieve sustainable development consistent with that code of behavior. For this investigation, we used the single case study methodology. For the purpose of this research, ECORED Foundation was observed. It is an organization dedicated to community tourism activity in San Clemente, small indigenous community belonging to the Kichwa Nation settled in the province of Imbabura in the highlands of Ecuador. The research data was conducted through interviews, direct observation of the phenomenon and a review of documents and literature. The study revealed that the business strategy of community tourism in this case can be defined as eco-sustainable strategy where the Earth is considered a living entity and sacred. Based on an ethical basis altruistic, responsible and caring, community-based tourism strategy within San Clemente has economic, environmental, social, political and territorial meeting, dwarfing the classic analysis on the sustainability of the Triple Bottom Line. Management was evident based on values, issues and relationships with stakeholders focused on the intrinsic value of sustainability. The business strategy of the ECORED proof that sustainable development is not utopian, it is possible and necessary.
Responding to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, when news of quarantines, shutdowns, and sheltering-in-place mandates abounded, the organizers of the tenth fashion congress of Ixel Moda in Cartagena, Colombia decided collectively to develop the content for an unprecedented five-day, 3-dimensional virtual gathering that would bring together artisans, designers, chefs, scholars, and other creators. The event would provide the scenario for exchanges on many facets of culture—food, music, film, fashion, politics, museum exhibits, performance, decorative arts, sustainability, tourism, and advertising—in the midst of a difficult period. This essay explores Ixel Online 2020 as a showcasing of the creative arts, includes the voices of the cultural organizers, and proposes this event as a model for increased international dialogue in the face of global crisis. ; En respuesta a la pandemia de COVID-19 en 2020, cuando el noticiero de cuarentenas, cierres y aislamiento social compulsorios fueron abundantes, los organizadores de la decima edición del congreso Ixel Moda en Cartagena, Colombia decidieron colectivamente desarrollar contenido para cinco días sin precedentes de un encuentro virtual tridimensional que juntaría artesanos, diseñadores, chefs, académicos, y otros creadores. El evento presentaría el escenario para intercambios en muchas faces de la cultura – comida, música, filme, moda, política, exhibiciones de museos, performance, artes decorativas, sostenibilidad, turismo y publicidad – en medio a un momento duro. Ese artículo explora Ixel Online 2020 como vidriera para las artes creativas, incluyendo la voz de organizadores culturales, y propone un modelo para dialogo internacional creciente delante de la crisis global. ; Em resposta à pandemia de COVID-19 em 2020, quando notícias de quarentenas, fechamentos e isolamento social mandatórios explodiram, os organizadores da décima edição do congresso Ixel Moda, em Cartagena, Colômbia, decidiram coletivamente desenvolver conteúdo para um encontro virtual 3D sem precedentes, de cinco dias de duração, que juntaria artesãos, designers, chefs, acadêmicos e outros criadores. O evento proveria o cenário de trocas em muitos âmbitos da cultura – comida, música, cinema, moda, política, mostras de museus, performance, artes decorativas, sustentabilidade, turismo e publicidade – no meio de um período difícil. Este artigo explora como Ixel Online 2020 tornou-se uma vitrina para as artes criativas, incluindo as vozes de organizadores culturais, e propõe o evento como modelo para um diálogo internacional crescente diante de uma crise global.
This paper analyzes stakeholders influences on environmental proactivity of Brazilian companies. Research related to 112 Brazilian companies was undertaking to test the hypothesis that stakeholders pressure has a positive influences on company environmental management activities. Factorial analysis grouped the stakeholders into two categories called "market" and "non-market". The market category involves those stakeholders which participate directly into the supply chain and includes suppliers, clients, international and domestic competitors, employees, subcontractors and unions. "Non-market" stakeholders, in turn, are those which do not participate directly in the supply chain such as shareholders, government, media and NGOs. Econometric models demonstrated that stakeholders exert significant and positive pressure on environmental proactivity actions, related planning, operations and communication practices. This pressure is more effective when coming from the so-called "non-market" stakeholders, which indirectly influence the organizations. The paper shows that sustainability ideas and practices are increasingly present on stakeholder agendas, which are starting to acknowledge their interdependences and their power to influence companies to adopt proactive environmental practices. ; O artigo analisa a influência dos stakeholders na proatividade ambiental de empresas brasileiras. A pesquisa foi realizada com 112 empresas brasileiras com o objetivo de testar a hipótese de que a pressão por parte dos stakeholders influencia positivamente as atividades de gestão ambiental das empresas brasileiras. A análise fatorial agrupou os stakeholders nas categorias "mercado" e "não mercado". Os primeiros participam diretamente da cadeia de suprimento e incluem fornecedores, clientes e concorrentes internacionais e domésticos, empregados, subcontratados e sindicatos. Os stakeholders "não mercado", por sua vez, não participam diretamente da cadeia de suprimentos e são caracterizados pelos acionistas, governo, mídia e ONGs. Os resultados dos modelos econométricos demonstraram que os stakeholders possuem um efeito significativo e positivo sobre as ações de proatividade ambiental, envolvendo práticas de planejamento, operações e comunicação. Essa pressão é mais efetiva quando proveniente de partes interessadas com influência indireta nas organizações, os denominados stakeholders "não mercado", demonstrando que as ideias e práticas de sustentabilidade estão cada vez mais presentes nas agendas dos atores sociais, que começam a reconhecer suas interconexões e seu poder de influenciar as empresas na adoção de práticas ambientais proativas.
Given the diverging discussions on the social security financial balance in Brazil, this article aims to analyze the evolution and comparison of revenues and expenses of the Social Security Budget (OSS) in the country, between 2006 and 2016, based on the rules of financing and social ideal proposed by the Federal Constitution of 1988. In addition, it seeks to debate the findings with national public finances. The literature review addresses the welfare state and social security, its costing and its relationship with economic and demographic indicators in Brazil. Methodologically, through a predominantly quantitative approach, it uses graphical, documentary, bibliographic and descriptive statistics analyzes with secondary data. The results show the financial sustainability of social security and the need to understand the triple costing and unity in the OSS ending the valuation of social policies, especially social security in the general regime. It is also clear the importance of economic scenarios and the influence of other fiscal actions (Untying of Federal Revenue and Tax Deductions) in the OSS. It is concluded that there is a need for fiscal restructuring, with strengthening of the economic bases, and not for structural reforms in social policies in Brazil, since social contributions are still relevant to the financing of the OSS, even if some measures are needed to contain it of expenses. ; Diante das divergentes discussões sobre o equilíbrio financeiro da seguridade social no Brasil, este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a evolução e confrontação das receitas e despesas do Orçamento da Seguridade Social (OSS) no país, entre 2006 e 2016, com base nas regras de financiamento e ideal social propostos pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Ademais, procura-se debater os achados com as finanças públicas nacionais. Na revisão de literatura é abordado o Estado de bem-estar social e a seguridade social, seu custeio e sua relação com os indicadores econômicos e demográficos no Brasil. Metodologicamente, através de uma abordagem predominantemente quantitativa, utilizam-se análises gráficas, documentais, bibliográficas e estatísticas descritivas com dados secundários. Os resultados evidenciam a sustentabilidade financeira da seguridade social e a necessidade do entendimento do custeio tríplice e da unidade no OSS findando a valorização das políticas sociais, em especial a previdência social no regime geral. Fica clara ainda a importância dos cenários econômicos e da influência de outras ações fiscais (desvinculação das receitas da união e desonerações tributárias) no OSS. Conclui-se com a necessidade de uma reestruturação fiscal, com fortalecimento das bases econômicas, e não de reformas estruturais nas políticas sociais no Brasil, uma vez que as contribuições sociais ainda são relevantes para o financiamento do OSS, mesmo sendo necessárias algumas medidas na contenção de despesas.
This article analyses the legislative committee carrying out financial and budgetary oversight at municipalities in Brazil. These committees, similar to the internationally named Public Account Committees, support parliamentarians to analyze, evaluate, and scrutinize budgetary bills, amendments and governor's accounts covering the entire budgetary cycle. Based on a small-N analysis inductive approach, the study compares budgetary legislative committees from three local parliaments for the term 2013-2016. Such budgetary committees just operate ceremonially and passively, offering superficial recommendations. The evidence indicates that the legal mandate to operate and material and human resources are not sufficient to guarantee the commissions' efficiency. The collateral undesirable effects from coalitional government create incentives to maintain ceremonial commissions. The fragile legislative committee's performance on budgetary issues is a bottleneck to any aspiration to achieve fiscal sustainability in Brazil. ; Este artículo analiza los comités legislativos que realizan la supervisión financiera y presupuestaria en los municipios de Brasil. Estos comités apoyarían a los concejales en el análisis, evaluación y control de proyectos de ley, enmiendas y prestación de cuentas presentados por las municipalidades que cubran todo el ciclo presupuestario. Basado en un método inductivo, el estudio compara el desempeño de los comités presupuestarios y de finanzas de tres cámaras municipales en el mandato de 2013-2016. Se constató que dichos comités presupuestarios solo operaron ceremonial y pasivamente, al emitir pareceres superficiales. La evidencia indica que lo previsto en ley y los recursos materiales y humanos no son suficientes para garantizar el funcionamiento de dichos comités. Los efectos colaterales del gobierno de coalición crean incentivos políticos para mantener las comisiones operando de forma ceremonial. El frágil desempeño de los comités legislativos en el control presupuestario demuestra ser un punto crítico para cualquier aspiración de lograr el equilibrio fiscal en la federación brasileña. ; Este artigo analisa a atuação das comissões de orçamento e finanças das câmaras municipais no controle orçamentário. Tais comissões apoiariam os vereadores na análise, na avaliação e no controle de projetos de lei, emendas parlamentares e prestação de contas apresentados(as) pelas prefeituras ao longo de todas as fases do ciclo orçamentário. Baseado em um método indutivo de pequenas amostras, este estudo compara a atuação das comissões de orçamento e finanças de 3 câmaras municipais no mandato de 2013-2016. Constatou-se que tais comissões atuaram de modo cerimonial e passivo, emitindo pareceres superficiais. Os resultados indicam que a previsão regimental e a existência de recursos materiais e humanos não garantem o funcionamento dessas comissões. Os efeitos colaterais do governo de coalizão geram incentivos políticos para manter as comissões com atuação cerimonial. A frágil atuação das comissões legislativas no controle orçamentário se mostra um ponto crítico para qualquer pretensão de equilíbrio fiscal na Federação.
