Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Adavalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 283 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 61 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 35 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 200 mm/m) available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  About 1 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) and 96 per cent area moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 28 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 69 per cent has very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (10 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 83 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 7 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 7 percent soils.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 110 (39) 163(58) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Bajra - - Jamun - 205 (72) Groundnut - - Musambi 78 (27) 196 (69) Sunflower 78 (27) 196 (69) Lime 78 (27) 196 (69) Chilli - - Cashew - - Tomato - - Custard apple 110 (39) 163 (58) Drumstick - 274 (97) Amla - 274 (97) Mulberry - 274 (97) Tamarind - 205 (72) Pomegranate - 274 (97) Marigold - 274 (97) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 274 (97) Mango - 9 (3) Jasmine - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Adavalli-3 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15019' – 15020' North latitudes and 75057' – 75059' East longitudes, covering an area of about 283.26 ha, bounded by Kavalura village with length of growing period (LGP) 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Adavalli-3 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 53.3 to 46.7 per cent to the total sample population. Majority of male population in medium farmers (58.3%) and female population (57.1%) in semi- medium farmers.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48.4 per cent to the total sample population. About 56.2 per cent of younger comes under small farmer of size group.  Literacy population is around 75.0 per cent of sample households. The highest in semi medium farmers (85.7%) of size groups.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 21.4 per cent. Around 66.7 per cent of scheduled caste in semi medium farmers.  Firewood is the main source of energy for cooking among all the sample farm households.  About 85.7 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Among all farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system was among all the households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 85.7 per cent.  Around 10 per cent of households co-operated to in institutional participation among them majority of participating households are medium farmers.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 21.4 per cent of sample households. 2  Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 92.7 % and fallow land is 7.3 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation is around 22.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation is around 53.1 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 60907 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 319369 per household, about 50.0 per cent of sample farmers are having sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 16000 per household; about 44.4 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1896 kilo calories against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 2250 kilo calories. Around 78.4 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 27131 per household: All sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1019. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7580/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coriander (Rs. 39253) followed by greengram (Rs. 6422), cotton (Rs. 3948), sunflower (Rs. 3661), bengalgram (Rs. 1786), sorghum (Rs. 1425) and bajra is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2632/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in bajra (Rs.3146) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2118).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in green gram (Rs. 70397) followed by coriander (Rs. 62459), bengal gram (Rs. 52331), cotton (Rs. 49758), bajra (Rs. 42251), sorghum (Rs. 32723) and sunflower (Rs. 19954). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is bengal gram (35.5 %) followed by coriander (22.8 %) sorghum (21.8 %), sunflower (7.5 %), green gram (4.7 %), bajra (4.7 %) and cotton (3.0 %).  Adavalli-3 Micro-watershed, major soils are soil Dambarahalli (DLR) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 12.81 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (28.6 %) and sorghum (71.4%). Gatareddihal (GRH) and Handrala (HDL) soil series are also having deep soil depth cover around 41.87 per cent and 20.35 per cent of areas, respectively; crops are bengalgram, sorghum, sunflower, bajra and green gram.  The data on cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sorghum range between Rs. 21575/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs. 13711/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 0.98).  In cotton the cost of cultivation is Rs.17047/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.23).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 30121/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs. 25213/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs. 14716 /ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.25) bajra cultivation is Rs. 17591/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 0.98).  In coriander the cost of cultivation in Rs. 14775/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.36).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (25.3 %), bengal gram (23.6 %), coriander (89.3 %), green gram (65.1 %), sorghum (62.7 to 36.6 %) and sunflower (46.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Harve-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 514 ha in Harve-1 microwatershed in Chamarajnagar taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 769 mm, of which about 316 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 252 mm during north-east and the remaining 201 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent area is covered by soils, 1 per cent is covered by rock-out crops, 150 cm) soils, an area of 20 per cent has moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) soils. An area of about 32 per cent is under moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils and shallow (25-50 cm) soils occupy 22 per cent area in the microwatershed.  An area of about 14 per cent has clayey soils at the surface, 39 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and an area of about 37 per cent has sandy at the surface.  An area of about 10 per cent has non-gravelly (0.75 ppm) in organic carbon.  An area of about 6 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in 43 per cent area in available phosphorus.  An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 54 per cent area has high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 75 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5ppm) in the available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 76 per cent has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 14 per cent has soils are sufficient in available zinc.  The land suitability for 9 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crops Suitability area in ha (%) Highly Suitable (S1) Moderately Suitable (S2) Sorghum 39(8) 255(50) Maize 39(8) 255(50) Finger millet 39(8) 255(50) Red gram - 131(26) Groundnut 69(14) 224(44) Cotton - 275(54) Chilli 39(8) 255(50) Mango - 28(6) Sapota - 99(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Harve 1 micro-watershed (Chamarajanagar taluk and district) is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 513.47 ha, bounded by Harve, Mundakudu, Kethanapura and Maliyur villages with length growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Harve 1 micro-watershed in Chamarajanagar taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 53.8 to 46.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 74.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 57 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all households.  About 36 per cent of households have a Bhima and Yashaswini health card.  About 18 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 64.0 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 91.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 10.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 55 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.81 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 41 % and irrigated land 59 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 75.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 24.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15472 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 79781per household, about 54.5 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (18.2%).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 17962 per household; about 90 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 721 grams (1515 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 91 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 57041 per cent of sample household. About 45.4 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1102. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 452 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 207248 per year for the total area of 513.51 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 20608/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 68775) followed by maize (Rs. 22547), sunflower (Rs. 9460), horse gram (Rs. 1348) and sorghum (Rs. 908).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 5938/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs.19425) followed by horse gram (Rs.15695) and maize (Rs.1200).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 269700) followed by maize (Rs. 52820), sorghum (Rs. 32100), horse gram (Rs. 22355) and sunflower (Rs. 26604). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (28.4%) followed by sunflower (26.7 %), maize (26.2%), horse gram (11.3%) and sorghum (7.2 %).  In Harve 1 micro-watershed, major soil Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 9.49 % of area, crops are sorghum. Gollarahatti (GHT) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 7.62 % of area, the major crop grown is sorghum. Honnenahalli (HNH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 3.48 % of areas; crops are coconut. Kengaki (KGK) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 9.99 % of areas respectively; crops are coconut (24.3 %), sunflower (54.1 %) and maize (21.6 %), Kethanapura (KTP) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 3.65 % of areas; crops are coconut (47.8 %), horse gram (4.2%) and sorghum (48.0 %). Lakkur (LKR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 13.19 % of area the major crop coconut (47.8 %), horse gram (4.2 %) and sorghum (48 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs. 43872/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 3.96) and Rs.11259/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.93).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 118931/ha in KGH soil (with of 1.06) and Rs. 23522/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.35).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 26605/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.41) and Rs. 16307/ha in KTP soil (with BCR of 2.99).  In coconut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.51014/ha in HNH soil (with BCR of 2.48) and Rs 34147 in LKR soil (with BCR of 2.82).  In maize the cost of cultivation in KTP soil is Rs.27473/ha (with BCR of 2.27).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horsegram (13.2 to 52.0%), sorghum (15.7 to 73.6%), sunflower (39.3 to 47.9%), coconut (63.6 to 69.0 %) and maize (45.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kinhi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 650 ha in Kinhi microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, seven per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 92 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 8 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 15 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 3 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150cm), 67 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 8 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 42 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 37 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and 1 per cent low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 58 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha), 1 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 34 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area.  Available iron, manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 42 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderate ly suitable (S2) Sorghum 99 (15) 246 (38) Guava - 315(49) Maize - 222(34) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 345 (53) Jamun - 99(15) Sunflower 99 (15) - Musambi 21 (3) 294(45) Cotton 95 (15) 250 (38) Lime 21 (3) 294(45) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 99 (15) 246 (38) Custard apple 316 (49) 209(32 ) Bengalgra m 322(50) 200(31) Amla 316 (49) 177 (27) Mango - - Tamarind - 99 (15) Sapota - 315(49) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in in sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance also also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kinhi micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district) is located in between 17038' – 17040' North latitudes and 7702' – 7703' East longitudes, covering an area of about 649 ha, surrounded by Dongargaon, Dhanura, Hallikheda and Dhorjamga villages with an length of grown period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Kinhi micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed) in Gulbarga taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 48.1 to 51.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 92.3 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 80 per cent.  Wood is the major source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (20%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 30 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 11.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.41 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The farmer cultivated land on dry land of sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 6.06 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 75.76 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.16500 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 4339 per household; about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 42222 per household; about 47 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 765.6 grams (1603.63 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 37021 per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2381. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2011 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 1220753 per year for the total area of 649 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7638/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in sugarcane (Rs. 47224) followed by red gram (Rs. 44128) and bengal gram (Rs. 7119).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in sugar cane Rs. 174190 followed by red gram (Rs. 106399) and bengal gram (Rs. 46606). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (78.7 %) followed by bengal gram (12.27 %) and sugar cane (9.0 %). 3  In Kinhi Microwatershed, major soil is Basaltic landforms of Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 7.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Novinihala (NHA) is also having shallow soil depth cover 20.64 % of area, the crops are red gram (66.7 %) and bengal gram (33.3 %). Dinsi (DSI) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 41.2 % of areas, crops are red gram (80.1%) and sugar cane (19.9 %). Mahagaon (MAN) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 3.3 % of area, crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.164793/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 0.33) and Rs.19150/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 1.85).  In bengal gram cost of cultivation in NHA soil is Rs 19876/ha (with BCR of 1.36) and sugarcane cost of cultivation in DSI soil is Rs. 35724/ha (with BCR of 2.32).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (10.7 to 39.8%), bengal gram (53.9 %) and sugarcane (38.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Khurgunta-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 603 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 481 ha (80%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 6 ha (1%) area covered by railway and 117 ha (19%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units), and 2 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 80 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 71 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 9 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm) in depth.  About 80 per cent area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 79per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 9 per cent area is low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 80 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently (1-3% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 59 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 21 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded to severely eroded.  An area of about 80 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is low (2-4 dSm-1) in 80 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 69 per cent soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) and 11 per cent is high (>0.75%) in soil organic carbon content.  About 78 per cent of the area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 80 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is sufficient in 3 per cent and deficient in 76 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 413(68) 13(2) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 426(71) Jamun - 426(71) Sunflower 413(68) 13(2) Musambi 413(68) 13(2) Cotton 413(68) 13(2) Lime 413(68) 13(2) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 413(68) 13(2) Custard apple 413(68) 13(2) Bengal gram 413(68) 68(11) Amla 413(68) 13(2) Guava - - Tamarind - 426(71) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Khurgunta-2 micro-watershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1709'–17011' North latitudes and 77019'–76021' East longitudes, covering an area of about 603.11 ha, bounded by Khurgunta, Sedam and Madhakal villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Khurgunta-2 micro-watershed (Adki subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.8 to 47.2 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 66.6 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) 60 percent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 10.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.19 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 83.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation around 4.2 percent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.19277 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.7483 per household, about 80 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart (30 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.33666 per household; about 30.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 827 grams (1970 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.48361 per household. About 50.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2558 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.685 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.329794 per year for the total area of 603 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 14354/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.18647) and bengal gram (Rs.10421).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 57776) and bengalgram (Rs. 46909). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (86.5 %) and bengal gram (13.4 %).  In Khurgunta-2 micro-watershed, major soil series are grown on Dhoandothi soils are very deep soil depth covers around 36.38 % of area major crops are red gram and bengalgram. Dargah soils are moderately deep soil depth covers around 34.19 % of area. on these soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Adki soils are shallow soil depth covers around 9.06 % of area major crops are red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 28187/ha in ADK soil (with BCR of 1.89) and Rs. 22489/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.84).  In bengalgram the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs. 16749/ha (with BCR of 1.62).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (16.9 to 18.4 %) and bengalgram (53.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Balched microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 613 ha in Balched microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soils, 7 per cent by habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 25 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 19 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 8 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and about 41 per cent soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 24 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 30 per cent loamy soils and 38 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 79 per cent has non-gravelly and 14 per cent are gravelly.  About 17 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 24 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 19 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and about 33 per cent very low (9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 32 per cent has soils that are medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 61 per cent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 25 per cent has low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 4 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Balched microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 367 (60) Sapota 1 (<1) 193 (31) Maize 1 (<1) 264 (43) Guava 1 (<1) 146 (24) Red gram - 249 (41) Pomegranate 1 (<1) 248 (40) Bajra 1 (<1) 413 (67) Jackfruit 1 (<1) 146 (24) Ground nut 1 (<1) 311 (51) Jamun 1 (<1) 248 (40) Sunflower 1 (<1) 248 (40) Musambi 1 (<1) 248 (40) Cotton - 366 (60) Lime 1 (<1) 248 (40) Bengalgram - 366 (60) Cashew 1 (<1) - Chilli 1 (<1) 366 (60) Custard apple 1 (<1) 413 (67) Tomato 1 (<1) 264 (43) Amla 1 (<1) 413 (67) Drumstick 1 (<1) 295 (48) Tamarind 1 (<1) 248 (40) Mulberry 1 (<1) 193 (31) Marigold 1 (<1) 366 (60) Mango 1 (<1) 146 (24) Chrysanthemum 1 (<1) 366 (60) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Balched micro-watershed (Yadgiri taluk and district) is located in between 16033' – 16035' North latitudes and 77018' – 77020' East longitudes, covering an area of about 613.39 ha, bounded by Sambara, Baddepalli, Kanikal, Balacheda & Sowrashtralli village with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Balched micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.9 to 34.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 64.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 58.3 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 66.7 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 43.3 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 33.3 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 83 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.22 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium farmers and semi-medium farmers. The account for dry land of 55.54 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation is only 19.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 40.2 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.12950 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.6625 per household, about 16.7 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.27769 per household; about 67.50 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1134.7 grams (2639.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 92 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 22630 per household. About 100 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.4456. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs.3629/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs.9046) followed by cotton (Rs.8643), redgram (Rs.4232) and paddy is a negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.2367/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 3705) followed by groundnut (Rs.1029).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in paddy (Rs.82646) followed by cotton (Rs. 43455), redgram (Rs. 37986) and groundnut (Rs. 32617). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (66.2 %) followed by groundnut (19.8 %), cotton (13.1 %) and paddy (1.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.47784/ha in semi-medium farmers (with BCR of 1.31) and Rs.31036/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.13).  In groundnut the costs of cultivation range between Rs.63123/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs.35112/ha in semi-medium farmers (with BCR of 1.23).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.36918/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs.19824/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.28). 3  The cost of cultivation of paddy is Rs.130903/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.03).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthening institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthening agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (38.4 to 46.9 %), cotton (10.8 to 54.2 %), groundnut (7.5 to 42.2 %), and paddy (15.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Gopalagiri Colony-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 119 ha out of total area of 576 ha in Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagar District Karnataka. The remaining area of about 456 ha is under Forest. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during the south – west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 21 per cent is covered by soils, 79 per cent by forests and 150 cm) soils.  About 2 per cent area has loamy soils and 19 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 3 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%), 20 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%).  About 11 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and a small area of about one per cent has medium (145-337 kg/ha)  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in all the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 4 per cent and sufficient in 17 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 72 (12) 47(9) Guava 96(16) 10(2) Maize 100 (17) 3 (1) Banana 94(16) 25(5) Red gram 94(16) 25(5) Jackfruit 94(16) 10(2) Horsegram 94(16) 25(5) Jamun 94(16) 26(5) Fieldbean 94(16) 25(5) Musambi 94(16) 26(5) Groundnut - 103 (18) Lime 94(16) 26(5) Sunflower 56(10) 61(11) Cashew 94(16) 10(2) Cotton 72(12) 3(1) Custard apple 94(16) 26(5) Onion 94(16) 25(5) Amla 94(16) 26(5) Potato 94(16) 9(2) Tamarind 94(16) 26(5) Beans 94(16) 25(5) Marigold 94(16) 25(5) Beetroot 94(16) 9(2) Chrysanthemum 94(16) 25(5) Mango 96(16) 10(2) Turmeric 94(16) 9(2) Sapota 96(16) 10(2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopalagiri Colony-2 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11042' – 11044' North latitudes and 76034' – 76036' East longitudes, covering an area of about 576 ha, bounded by Kannagal, Honnegaudanahalli, Hangala and Hosalhalli villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopalagiri Colony-2 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 49 to 51 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 75.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among the all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all households.  About 90 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 20.0 percent of farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among the all sample households.  Institutional participation is only 10.2 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 0.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 63.9 % and irrigated land is 36.1 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 73.4 per cent followed by the agriculture is the main and government service is subsidiary occupation of 2.1 percent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.59791 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 129479 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 19749 per household; all sample household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 731.6 grams (1574.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 43153 per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1199. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 642 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 76428 per year for the total area of 576.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 26640/ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 68252) followed by turmeric (Rs. 52922), maize (Rs. 33910), beans (Rs. 30467), ragi (Rs. 13282), horse gram (Rs. 12725) and groundnut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3474/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 5592) followed by maize (Rs. 2608) and ragi (Rs. 2223).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs.416385) followed by maize (Rs. 57387), turmeric (Rs. 35812), sunflower (Rs. 30236), horse gram (Rs. 22808), onion (Rs. 20155), groundnut (Rs. 19448) and ragi (Rs. 15092). 3 Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is maize (27.7 %) followed by sunflower (25.4 %), turmeric (14.8 %), horse gram (11.4 %), ragi (10.3 %), groundnut (5.1 %) and onion (5.0 %),  In Gopalagiri colony-2 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of Annurkeri (ARK) soils are very deep and well drained soil depth covered around 9.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize. Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soils are very deep and well drained soil depth cover around 7.7 % of area; the crops are maize (32.6%), ragi (32.6 %) and sunflower (34.6 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soils are very deep and moderately well drained, soil depth covered 2.7 % of areas, crop are beans (8.2 %), groundnut (6.7%), horse gram (6.3%), maize (20.9%), onion (6.3%), ragi (6.3%), sunflower (25.8 %) and turmeric (19.0%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 39630/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 2.02) and Rs.27088/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.38023/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.08) and Rs.30398/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.32).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.21275/ha (with BCR of 1.87), and Rs.20086/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.84).  In beans the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs 25108/ha (with BCR of 2.40).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in BMB soil Rs. 39793/ha (with BCR of 1.02).  In horse gram cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.16915/ha (with BCR of 1.75).  In onion the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs 79948/ha (with BCR of 1.85) and turmeric the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.106172/ha (with BCR of 1.51).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (38.0 to 55.3 %), groundnut (59.1 %), horse gram (24.1 %), onion (69.6 %), ragi (59.5 %), sunflower (45.5 %) and turmeric (7.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dimal-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 620 ha in Dimal-2 microwatershed in Afzalpur taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 680 mm, of which about 482 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 119 mm during north-east and the remaining 79 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 18major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 86 per cent of the soils are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), about 7 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 7 per cent are shallow (25-50 cm) soils.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly soils in the microwatershed.  About 86 per cent has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 7 per cent low (50-100 mm/m).  About 92 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 8 per cent area is gently (3-5% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 46 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 54 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  Entire area has strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 -9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 49 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area.  About 28 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5ppm)in iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Entire area has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 45 (7) 533 (86) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram 45 (7) 533 (86) Jamun - 533 (86) Sunflower 45 (7) 533 (86) Musambi 199 (32) 379 (61) Cotton 45 (7) 533 (86) Lime 199 (32) 379(61) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 45 (7) 533 (86) Custard apple 529 (85) 49 (8) Guava - - Amla 244 (39) 334 (54) Mango - - Tamarind - (5336) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, this helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dimal-2 Microwatershed (Hosur sub-watershed, Afzalpur taluk and Gulbarga district) is located in between 17017' – 17019' North latitudes and 7604' – 7607' East longitudes, covering an area of about 619 ha, bounded by Karajgi, Kudiganur, Chikkamanur, Agarkhed villages and Maharashtra State with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Dimal-2 micro-watershed (Hosur subwatershed, Afzalpur taluk and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.2 to 48.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 55.1 per cent.  Social population to other backward caste (OBC) is around 90 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking of all sample households.  Only 10.0 per cent of households having Bhima and Yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (60.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities is not found in households.  Women participation in local organisation for agriculture production among all the households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.64 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total land cultivated on dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 63.4 per cent and agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 36.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 8500 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 145714 per household, about 70 per cent of sample farmers having plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 10000 per household; around 10 per cent of farm households are having livestock population.  The average per capita food consumption is around 772.6 grams (1614.4kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 53174 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.4199. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 896 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 555685 per year for the total area of 619.59 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 9963/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 26156) followed by sorghum (Rs. 9944), groundnut (Rs. 3409) and wheat (Rs. 341).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1194/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in wheat (Rs. 1647) followed by groundnut (Rs. 1235) and sorghum (Rs. 700).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 65312) followed by wheat (Rs. 41323), sorghum (Rs. 37643) and groundnut (Rs. 20615). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (77.1 %) followed by sorghum (8.6 %) wheat (8.6 %) and groundnut (5.7 %). 3  In Dimal-2 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Mannur (MAR) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 73.0 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (78.9 %), sorghum (7.9 %), wheat (7.9%) and groundnut (5.3 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut in MAR soil is Rs. 26231/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  In wheat the cost of cultivation in MAR soil is Rs 24359/ha (with BCR of 1.08).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in MAR soil is Rs. 21833/ha (with BCR of 2.20) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in MAR soil is Rs. 14756/ha (with BCR of 1.72).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in groundnut (56.6 %), sorghum (56.0 %), wheat (32.5 %) and redgram (1.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Babulgaon-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 519 ha in Babulgaon-1 microwatershed in Humnabad taluk of Bidar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 811 mm of which about 609 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 93 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to seven soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and six Land Use Classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 2nd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 58 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to very deep (75- >150 cm) and 42 per cent are moderately shallow to very shallow (25-75 cm) soils.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 89 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 11 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel).  About 44 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 54 per cent low (50- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 83 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in about 2 per cent area.  About 2 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 10 per cent area.  Entire area is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 30 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitab le (S1) Moderately suitabl e (S2) Highly suit abl e (S1) Moderately suitabl e (S2) Sorghum 228 (44) 43 (8) Sapota - 18 (3) Maize - 43 (8) Jackfruit 58 (11) - Red gram - 256 (49) Jamun 10 (2) 277 (53) Sunflower 228 (44) 44 (8) Musambi 10 (2) 277 (53) Cotton 166 (32) 91 (17) Lime 10 (2) 277 (53) Sugarcane - 28 (5) Cashew 17 (3) - Soybean 228 (44) 58 (11) Custard apple 17 (3) 311 (60) Bengalgra m 228 (44) 18 (3) Amla 17 (3) 311 (60) Guava - 18 (3) Tamarind 10 (2) 269 (52) Mango 10 (6) - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges.  This would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, of which would help in maintaining ecological balance and help in mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Babulgaon-1 Microwatershed (Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk, Bidar district) is located in between 17040' – 17042' North latitudes and 77012' – 77015' East longitudes, covering an area of about 519.22 ha, bounded by Mustari, Udbal, Chitgoppa and Bilkhera villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Babulgaon-1 Microwatershed in Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk and Bidar district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.4 to 44.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group of 18 to 30 populations is around 71.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 92.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) was around 20 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 60 per cent.  About 40 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 7.1 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture production of households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The irrigated land account for 62.8 per cent and rainfed land is 42.1 per cent of total cultivated land of the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 54.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 33.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.18843 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.250 per household, only 10 per cent of sample farmers are having weeder.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.40033 per household; about 61.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 810.2 grams (1637.0 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 26634 per household. About 90.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1451. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1080 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 487243 per year for the total area of 519.28 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 4530/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 11328) followed by soybean (Rs. 2924), bengal gram (Rs. 2547) and sunflower (Rs. 1320).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 58317) followed by bengal gram (Rs. 45420), sunflower (Rs. 32457) and soybean (Rs. 21202). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (74.3 %) followed by bengal gram (14.4 %) sunflower (7.1 %) and soybean (4.2 %).  In Babulgoan 1 micro watershed, major soils are soil of Hindupur (BGN) series are having very deep soil depth cover around 43.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (69.5 %), bengalgram (17.1 %), sunflower (8.4 %) and soybean (5.1 %). Devarahalli (KDM) are also having shallow soil depth 3 cover around 27.8 % of area, main crops is red gram. Kallipura (RMP) soil series having very shallow soil depth cover around 5.8 % of areas, in these area main crops is red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 55182/ha in RMP soil (with BCR of 1.20) and Rs. 30326/ha in BGN soil (with BCR of 1.37).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in BGN soil is Rs. 25076//ha (with BCR of 1.10)  In soybean the cost of cultivation in BGN soil is Rs 29680/ha (with BCR of 1.10) and sunflower the cost of cultivation in BGN soil is Rs28572/ha (with BCR of 1.05).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 20.7 %), bengal gram (55.1 %), soybean (49.4 %) and sunflower (40.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sheshgiriwadi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 429 ha in Sheshgiriwadi microwatershed in Afzalpur taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 680 mm, of which about 482 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 119 mm during north-east and the remaining 79 mm during the rest of the year. 89 per cent area is covered by soils and remaining 11 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 6 soil phases (mapping units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 18 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area has deep to very deep (100- >150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly soils in the microwatershed.  Major area of about 341 ha (79%) has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity and a small area of about 44 ha (10%) has soils that are medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 78 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 11 per cent area is gently (3-5% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 54 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 31 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and a small area of about 4 per cent has severely eroded.  Entire area has strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 -9.0) soils. xvi  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 50 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5ppm) in iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Entire area has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, farm price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 429 Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 429 Jamun - 340 (79) Sunflower - 429 Musambi 232 (54) 108 (25) Cotton - 429 Lime 232 (54) 108 (25) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean - 429 Custard apple 316 (74) 24 (6) Guava - - Amla 232 (54) 108 (25) Mango - - Tamarind - (3409) xvii Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass, which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sheshgiriwadi micro-watershed (Hosur sub-watershed, Afzalpur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17018' – 17020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 429 ha, bounded by Karajgi, Chikkamanur, Agarkhed villages and Maharashtra State; with an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sheshgiriwadi Microwatershed (Hosur sub watershed, Afzalpur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 63 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 83 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 67 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 50 per cent of households have a Yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (20 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of all farm households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production all among sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.9 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 80 % and irrigated land 20 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 40 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 54 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 18578 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 8600 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (20 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 28000 per household; about 92 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 917.2 grams (2156.7 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 93400 per household. About 30 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1754. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 895 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 343807 per year for the total area of 429.38 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 23569/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in sugarcane (Rs. 53127) followed by red gram (Rs. 20614), bengal gram (Rs. 17254) and sorghum (Rs. 3282).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 159/ha/year is sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in sugarcane (Rs. 150590) followed by red gram (Rs. 65433), bengal gram (Rs. 63505) and sorghum (Rs. 37643). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is by red gram (49.8%) followed by bengal gram (21.1 %), sorghum (15.4%) and sugarcane (13.7 %)  In sheshgiriwadi micro-watershed, major soils are soil of Dimal (DIM) series is having deep soil depth cover around 5.74 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing sugarcane. Mannur (MAR) are also having very deep soil depth cover around 73.57 % of area, the crops grown are red gram (53.4 %) followed by bengal gram (22.7 %), sorghum (16.5 %) and sugarcane (7.3 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sugarcane ranges between Rs. 152862/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.24) and Rs. 118078/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In redgram the cost of cultivation in MAR soil is Rs 29667/ha (with BCR of 1.81).  In bengalgram the cost of cultivation in MAR soil Rs. 23667/ha (with BCR of 1.79) and sorghum cost of cultivation in MAR soil is Rs. Rs. 22653/ha (with BCR of 1.14).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in sugarcane (55.5 to 56 %), bengal gram (37.7 %), red gram (37.7 %) and sorghum (1.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kotanpalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 622 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 597 ha (96%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 16 ha (3%) by quarry and about 9 ha (1%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 96 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 26 per cent soils of the microwatershed has soils that are shallow (25-50 cm) to moderately shallow (50-75 cm) in depth and 70 per cent area are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) in soil depth.  About 96 per cent area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 96 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 17 per cent area is low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 1 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) sloping lands and 95 per cent area is very gently (1-3% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 64 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 32 per cent area is moderately (e2) erode.  An area of about 96 per cent soils are slightly (pH 7.3-7.8) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in 6 per cent area is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 99 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 433(70) 59(9) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 492(79) Jamun - 433(70) Sunflower 433(70) 59(9) Musambi 433(70) - Cotton 433(70) 59(9) Lime 433(70) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 433(70) 59(9) Custard apple 433(70) 59(9) Bengal gram 491(79) 106(17) Amla 433(70) 59(9) Guava - - Tamarind - 433(70) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kotanpalli micro-watershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1706' – 1708' North latitudes and 76020' – 76022' East longitudes, covering an area of about 622.47 ha, bounded by Adki, Jawaharnagara and Kotanpalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for The Kotanpalli micro-watershed (Adki subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.9 to 42.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 47.3 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population among the all sample households.  Social groups belong to general castes is around 90.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 60.0 per cent.  About 70 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 20.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50.0 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.99 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 26.3 per cent and Agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 68.4 per cent of the sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 16675 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs 4363 per household; about 30 per cent of sample farmers are having weeder.  The average livestock value is around Rs 47750 per household; about 66.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 866.8 grams (1856.7 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 30 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 20615 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs 2412 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 679 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 405098 per year for the total area of 622.47 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs11806 / ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in sugarcane (Rs 39239) followed by redgram (Rs. 15957), bengalgram (Rs. 9383), groundnut (Rs. 7848) sorghum and greengram are negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 2898/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs 4314) and groundnut (Rs 1482).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in sugarcane (Rs 123500) followed by redgram (Rs. 62678), bengalgram (Rs. 55862), greengram (Rs. 32909), sorghum (Rs. 26301) and groundnut (Rs. 24050). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (47.4 %) followed by bengalgram (16.1 %), sugarcane (15.9 %), greengram (11.8 %) and sorghum (8.7 %).  In Kotanpalli Microwatershed, major soils are Dhandothi (DDT) series are having very deep soil depth cover around 35.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (12.5 %) bengalgram (19.8 %), redgram (27.1 %), 3 sorghum (14.3) and sugarcane (26.3 %). Adki (ADK) soil series are having shallow soil depth cover around 71.0 % of areas; crops are bengalgram (13.0 %) and greengram (37.2 %) and redgram (49.8%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bengal gram ranges between Rs. 35231/ha in ADK soil (with BCR of 1.06) and Rs.22849/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.64).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 29704/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.43) and Rs. 27609/ha in ADK soil (with BCR of 1.76).  In green gram the cost of cultivation in ADK soil Rs 25409/ha (with BCR of 0.94).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs.31054/ha (with BCR of 1.30).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs 21582/ha (with BCR of 1.20) and sugarcane the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs 90142/ha (with BCR of 1.44).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bengal gram (35.9 to 53.6 %), greengram (44.2 %), redgram (14.2 %), groundnut (49.4 %), sorghum (69.3 %) and sugarcane (56.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raipalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 847 ha in Raipalli-2 microwatershed in Humnabad taluk of Bidar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 811 mm of which about 609 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 93 mm during the rest of the year. About 97 per cent area is covered by soils and 3 per cent by rock lands. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 2nd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 80 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and 20 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 31 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to very deep (75- 150 cm), 54 per cent are shallow to very shallow (25-50 cm) and 12 per cent moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed is clayey at the surface.  About 92 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 5 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel).  About 17 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 4 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 76 per cent low (50- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in the entire microwatershed area.  Major area of 83 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in about 3 per cent area in available phosphorus.  About 17 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  An entire area is low (1.0 ppm) in available boron  Entire area is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 35 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 146(17) 179 (21) Sapota - 80(9) Maize - 179 (21) Jackfruit 32 (4) 39 (5) Red gram - 325 (38) Jamun 32 (4) 185(22) Sunflower 146(17) 179 (21) Musambi - 218 (35) Cotton 146(17) 179 (21) Lime - 218 (35) Sugarcane - 179 (21) Cashew - 179 (21) Soybean 146(17) 218(26) Custard apple 80 (9) 284 (34) Bengalgram 146(17) 180 (21) Amla 80 (9) 284 (34) Guava - 80 (9) Tamarind 32(4) 185 (22) Mango - 32 (4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the six identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Raipalli-2 micro-watershed (Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk, Bidar district) is located in between 17037' – 17040' North latitudes and 77011' – 77014' East longitudes, covering an area of about 404 ha, bounded by Mustari, Ainapur, Kodambal and Chitgoppa villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Raipalli-2 micro-watershed (Raipalli subwatershed, Humnabad taluk, Bidar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.3 to 43.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group of 18 to 30 populations is around 56.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 81.3 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 80.0 per cent.  Fire wood and liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 60.0 per cent.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all the sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is preventing among 6.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production are among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.9 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The accounted of rainfed land is 77.8 per cent and irrigated land is 22.2 per cent of sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 27.1 per cent and agriculture is the main occupation agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 29.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 18680 per households. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 400000 per household, around 10 per cent of sample farmers having tractor.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 24583 per household; about 67 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 917.7 grams (2142.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.26412 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2148. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2558 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 2097167 per year for the total area of 846.77 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 6636/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum red gram (Rs. 3480) followed by paddy (Rs. 3430) and sugarcane (Rs.1954).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 880/ ha/year in paddy.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 47115), paddy (Rs. 33058) and sugarcane (Rs. 2394). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (78.0 %) followed by sugarcane (11.2 %) and paddy (10.8 %).  In Raipalli 2 micro watershed, major soils are Madargi (MDG) series is having shallow soil depth covers around 3.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram. Babulgoan (BGN) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 17.3 % of area; the crops are redgram (14.8 %) and sugarcane (85.2 3 %). Bhadrapur (BDP) series is having very shallow soil depth covers around 16.4 % of area; Kadambal series is having shallow soil depth cover around 30.6 % and Mustari series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 11.7 % of area; the crop is redgram. Udwah series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 5.6% of area major crop are paddy.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram range between is Rs. 34389/ha in MST soil (with BCR of 1.31) and Rs. 24214/ha in KDM soil (with BCR of 1.12).  In paddy cost of cultivation in DGR soil is Rs. 32138/ha (with BCR of 1.14) and sugarcane cost of cultivation in BGN soil is Rs. 7166/ha (with BCR of 1.27).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (9.1 to 46.4 %), sugarcane (99.2 %) and paddy (69.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gudigeri-5 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 355 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 25 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 53 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 19 per cent very gravelly to extremely gravelly (35- 80% gravel) soils.  About 50per cent of the area has very low (200mm/m) available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) slopes and maximum area of about 92 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 83 per cent has moderately eroded (e2) lands and an area of about 2 per cent has severely eroded (e3)lands.  An area of about 4 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4),38 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 54 per cent soils very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (10 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 53 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 44 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 88 per cent and sufficient in 8 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 26(7) 226(64) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Bajra - - Jamun - 80 (23) Groundnut - 85 (24) Musambi 14 (4) 152 (43) Sunflower 14(4) 152(43) Lime 14 (4) 152 (43) Chilli - - Cashew - - Tomato - - Custard apple 26 (7) 225 (64) Drumstick - 166(47) Amla 252(71) Mulbery 252 (71) Tamarind - 80 (23) Pomegranate - 166 (46) Marigold - 252 (71) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 252 (71) Mango - 34 (9) Jasmine - 85 (24) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the six identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Gudigeri-5 micro-watershed is located in between 15017' – 15018' North latitudes and 75055' – 75057' East longitudes, covering an area of about 355.37 ha and bounded by Kavalura, and Gudigeri villages in Koppal taluk and district. It falls under Agro Ecological Region (AER)–3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid ecosubregion) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed red and black soils, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: We found that Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age groups of population is around 48 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 77 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 67 per cent.  About 17 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (75 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 67 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 58 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.3 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevent among 42 per cent of farm households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 12 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 95 per cent and Diary farming is predominant subsidiary occupation for 2.7 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 21479 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs 90330 per household, about 21 per cent of sample farmers are owing tractors.  The average livestock value is around Rs 30967 per livestock; about 33 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 799 grams (1921 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 56 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 38608 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 1069 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 12946 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 4414535 per year for the total area of 355.57 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 3139/ ha/year. Per ha food production services is maximum in green gram (Rs 7992/ha) followed by wheat (Rs 5270/ha), bengal gram (Rs 4275/ha), groundnut (Rs 2964/ha), sorghum (Rs 2936/ha), Bajra (Rs 2881/ha), onion (Rs 1473/ha) and sunflower (Rs 1786/ha).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 533/ ha/year. Per ha fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs 1263 /ha) followed by maize (Rs 1235 /ha), groundnut (Rs 419/ha) and green gram (Rs 14/ha).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bajra (Rs 52814) followed by green gram (Rs 40870), sorghum (Rs 20034), bengal gram (Rs 17058), sunflower (Rs 14268), ground nut (Rs 10482), maize (Rs 7546) and onion (Rs 6718). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is sunflower (41.1%) followed by green gram (25.2%), sorghum (16.9 %), onion (5.8 %), bengal gram (5 %), groundnut (4.3 %) and maize (1.7 %). 3  In Gudigeri-5 micro watershed, major soils are Ravanaki (RNK) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 29.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing sunflower (41.9 %) sorghum (20.9%), green gram (19 %) and Bengal gram (17.9 %). Narasapura (NSP) and Dambarahalli (DRL) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 3.13 % and 20.98 per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are green gram (33.7 %), onion (10.7 %), sorghum (33.7 %) and sunflower (21.7 %). Muttal (MTL) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 19.7 % of area, the major crop grown is maize. Kavalur (KVR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 9.45 % of area, crops are green gram (6.84 %), groundnut (2016 %) and sunflower (73 %) and Belagatti (BLT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 0.46 % of area, crops are wheat.  The total cost of cultivation in study area for green gram ranges between Rs.36247/ha in KVR soil (with BCR of 1.42) and Rs.12773/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.15).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs 12768/ha in RNK soil (with of 0.93) and Rs.6890/ha in DRL soil (With BCR of 1.64).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 13032/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.20) and Rs. 10194/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.09).  In maize the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs.13677/ha (with BCR of 0.99).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in RNK soil is Rs.4370/ha (with BCR of 1.98).  In onion the cost of cultivation in NSP soil is Rs 12112/ha (with BCR of 1.26) and wheat cultivation in BGT soil is Rs 72994/ha (with BCR of 0.89). Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in improving institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthen agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bengal gram (72.2 %), green gram (16.7 to 43.3) groundnut (57.6%), maize (89.1%), onion (88.9 %), sorghum (68.9 to 77.1 %), sunflower (54.9 to 68.7 %) and wheat (50 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kavalur East-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 370 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 47 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  Entire area has moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  About 91 per cent of the soils are non saline (16 dsm-1) in electrical conductivity (EC).  Organic carbon is low (0.75%) in 10 per cent area.  Entire area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is high (>20 kg/ha) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 94 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 17 (5) 327 (88) Pomegranate - 188 (51) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Groundnut - - Jamun - 39 (11) Sunflower 17 (5) 171 (46) Musambi 40 (11) 149 (40) Cotton 17 (5) 326 (88) Lime 40 (11) 149 (40) Red gram - 39 (11) Cashew - - Bengalgram 17 (5) 326 (88) Custard apple 40 (11) 149 (40) Chilli - - Amla - 344 (93) Tomato - - Tamarind - 39 (11) Drumstick - 189 (50) Marigold - 344 (93) Mulberry - 188 (51) Chrysanthemum - 344 (93) Mango - - Jasmine - 156 (42) Sapota - - Crossandra - 156 (42) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kavalur East-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15016' – 15019' North latitudes and 75058' – 76001' East longitudes, covering an area of about 435.01 ha, bounded by Kavalura, Alavandi and Thalakalla villages with length of growing period (LGP) 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kavalur East-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.0 to 46.0 per cent to the total sample population. Majority of male population in medium farmers (75.0%) and female population (25.0%) in semi- medium farmers.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60.0 per cent to the total sample population. About 80.0 per cent of younger comes under marginal farmer of size group.  Literacy population is around 80.0 per cent of sample households. The highest in marginal farmers (100 %) of size groups.  Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 66.7 per cent. About 100 per cent of other backward caste in marginal farmers.  Firewood is the main source of energy for cooking among 55.6 per cent of sample farm households.  About 33.3 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 55.6 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system was about 66.7 per cent of households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 77.8 per cent.  Around 10 per cent of households co-operated to in institutional participation among them majority of participating households are medium farmers. 2  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 66.7 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 22.2 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 92.7 % and fallow land is 7.3 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation is around 33.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation is around 48.1per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 7845 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 101783 per household, about 22.2 per cent of sample farmers are having sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 35000 per household; about 100 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1738 kilo calories against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 2250 kilo calories. Around 88.9 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 13314 per household: All sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.200. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7580/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in wheat (Rs. 13159) followed by greengram (Rs. 8403), bengalgram (Rs.5254), maize (Rs. 1161) bajra (Rs. 1053) and sorghum and sunflower are negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2632/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs.1378) and maize (Rs. 494).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in greengram (Rs.42645) followed by bengalgram (Rs. 37600), wheat (Rs. 34694), bajra (Rs. 22111), sorghum (Rs. 20076), sunflower (Rs.20630) and maize (Rs. 7244). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is greengram (40.9 %) followed by coriander (21.8 %) bengalgram (19.1 %), sunflower (13.4 %) and bajra (4.8 %).  Kavalur East-1 Micro-watershed, major soils are soil belagattii (BGT) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 3.15 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growingg sorghum. Ravanaki (RNK) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 42.1 per cent of areas, crops are sorghum, Dambarahalli (DRL) series is have moderately deep soil depth cover around 40.11 % of area. crops are bajra (33.3%), bengalgram (20.0%), greengram (13.3%) and maize (33.3%) and BDR soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around of area, crop are bengalgram (39.9%), sorghum (27.9%), sunflower (15.5% ) and wheat (16.7%)  The data on cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sorghum range between Rs. 21084/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 0.90) and Rs. 7612/ha in BGT soil (with BCR of 1.54).  In bengalgram the cost of cultivation is Rs.18853/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.10) and Rs.10383/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 1.78).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs.23740/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 0.90) bajra cultivation is Rs 8827/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.12).  In wheat the cost of cultivation in Rs 15297/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 1.86).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bajra (25.3 %), bengal gram 4 (23.6 %), coriander (89.3 %), green gram (65.1 %), sorghum (62.7 to 36.6 %) and sunflower (46.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; land resource inventory of Chikasavanur-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 388 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, ten per cent by rock lands and four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 10 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 87 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 13 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 30 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to shallow (25-50 cm) and about 25 per cent are moderately deep (>150 cm) soils. An area of 31 per cent is deep to very deep (100->150 cm).  About 49 per cent of the area has loamy soils at the surface and 36 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface. A very small area of about 6 per cent is sandy soils at the surface.  About 32 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 70 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3% slopes) slope lands and 17 per cent area has nearly level lands (0-1% slopes).  An area of about 59 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 28 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 21 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 40 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to >9.0), 13 per cent neutral (pH 6.5 - 7.3) and 2 per cent under slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 64 per cent area, 18 per cent area is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 33 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 38 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 16 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 68 per cent area and sufficient in 19 per cent area.  Available manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  Available copper is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in area of 80 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 3 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 83 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chikasavanur-3 micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1504' – 1507' North latitudes and 75035' – 75037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 388 ha, bounded by Bhikonati, Hullur, Belhatti and Nilogal villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Chikasavanur-3 Microwatershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51 to 49 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 64.4 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 82.3 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 60 per cent and scheduled caste (ST) 40 per cent.  Firewood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 70.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 60 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 4.4 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 2.2 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all the sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.13 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The rainfed land of 92.6 per cent and irrigated land 7.9 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 17.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 67.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.13298. per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.7708 per household, about 100 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 37066 per household; about 73.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 945 grams (1947 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 22423 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1273. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 322 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 108696 per year for the total area of 388 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 8265/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 5848) followed by sorghum (Rs. 653), horse gram (Rs. 12634) and cotton (Rs. 13926).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 811/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 1350), sorghum (Rs. 659) and horse gram (Rs. 425).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 42299) followed by horse gram (Rs. 19337), maize (Rs. 23496) and sorghum (Rs. 25095). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (52.6 %) followed by horse gram (26.7 %), cotton (14.7 %) and sorghum (6.0 %).  In Chikkasavanur-3 micro-watershed, major soil series are Mudnakodu soils series are having shallow soil depth covers around 2.6 % of area. on this soil farmers are presently growing horsegram (50 %) and sorghum (50 %).Thamadahalli series soils are moderately shallow soil depth covers around 15.6 % of area. major crops are cotton (59.8 %) and maize (40.1 %), Chikkamegheri soils series are moderately deep soil depth covers around 6.74 % of area. Major crops are horsegram. Kanchikere soils are moderately deep soil depth covers around 10.5 % of area. major crops are cotton (65.7 %) and maize (34.2 %), Gollarahatti soils series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 8.13 % of area. Major crops are maize. Kengaki soils are having very deep soil depth covers around 4.2 % of area; major crops are maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs. 20923/ha in MUK soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 10349/ha in CKM soil (with BCR of 3.19).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 19136/ha in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.38) and Rs. 18104/ha in KKR soil (with BCR of 1.95).  In maize the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 23918 /ha in KGK soil (with BCR of 1.27) and Rs. 20070 /ha GHT soil (with BCR of 1.22).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in MUK soil is Rs. 15813/ha (with of 1.08).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (32.5 to 71.4 %), sorghum (70.7 %), coconut (34.9 to 81.4 %) and maize (75.2 to 78.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shethalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 503 ha in Shethalli-2 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock lands, habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 150 cm) soils.  About 85 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 8 per cent loamy soils and 6 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 93 per cent has non-gravelly and 6 per cent are gravelly soils.  About 59 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 36 per cent has soils that are low (57 kh/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 67 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 32 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 12 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 13 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 30 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Shethalli-2 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 10 (2) 387 (77) Sapota - 27 (5) Maize 10 (2) 91 (18) Guava - 27 (5) Red gram - 313 (64) Pomegranate - 323 (64) Bajra 10 (2) 399 (80) Jackfruit - 27 (5) Ground nut - 113 (23) Jamun - 298 (59) Sunflower - 323 (64) Musambi - 323 (64) Cotton - 397 (79) Lime - 323 (64) Bengalgram - 397 (79) Cashew - 25 (5) Chilli - 397 (79) Custard apple 10 (2) 399 (80) Tomato 10 (2) 91 (18) Amla 10 (2) 399 (80) Drumstick - 336 (67) Tamarind - 298 (59) Mulberry - 40 (8) Marigold - 397 (79) Mango - 2 (<1) Chrysanthemum - 397 (79) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Shethalli-2 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 18019' – 1807' North latitudes and 740 5' – 7409' East longitudes, covering an area of about 502.83 ha, bounded by Badehalli, Balacheda, Kadechoora and Sowrashtrahalli villages. with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analysed. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Shethalli-2 micro-watershed in Yadgiri taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57.6 to 42.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 55.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 61.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 50 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking around 96.7 per cent sample households.  About 43.3 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 13.3 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities to around 40 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 77 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.92 ha indicates that majority of farm households belong to small and medium farmers. They account for dry land of 57.7 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2  Agriculture as the main occupation is only 23.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 43.8 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.13109 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 184433 per household, about 20.0 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26552 per household; about 65.85 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1117.5 grams (2647.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 30126 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.4224. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs.4967 ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum cotton (Rs.10438) followed by redgram (Rs.9374), maize (Rs.6440), groundnut (Rs. 4861), sorghum (Rs.2070) and paddy is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.2856/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum sorghum (Rs. 5207) followed by paddy (Rs.3705), maize (Rs.1482) and groundnut (Rs.1029).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs.47212) followed by cotton (Rs.39025), maize (Rs.30183), paddy (Rs. 28926), groundnut (Rs.27916) and sorghum (Rs. 25511). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (50.71 %) followed by cotton (27.88 %), sorghum (10.32%), groundnut (9.63 %) and maize (1.46 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.40780/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs.17985/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.37). 3  In redgram the costs of cultivation range between Rs.35897/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs25330/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.11).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 43673/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.21) and Rs. 18483 in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.20).  In maize the cost of cultivation is Rs.42960/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.18).  In paddy the cost of cultivation is Rs.32772/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.01).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 21800/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.44) and Rs. 11725/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.31).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not practicing soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthening institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthening agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (29.4 to 71.1 %), redgram (22.5 to 42.2 %), groundnut (30.0 to 63.9 %), maize (70.2 %), paddy (70.5 %) and sorghum (58.0 to 82.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project