Suchergebnisse

Manual de desenvolupament sostenible -- Legal -- Índex -- Pròleg -- 1. Fem sostenible el nostre desenvolupament -- 2. Desenvolupament humà i canvi ambiental -- 3. La població mundial i el procés d'urbanització -- 4. Recursos naturals i fonts d'energia -- 5. L'aigua: recurs natural imprescindible -- 6. L'impacte ambiental de les activitats econòmiques (i):agricultura i indústria -- 7. L'impacte ambiental de les activitats econòmiques (II): serveis iinfraestructures de comunicació -- 8. El canvi climàtic: motor del canvi global -- 9. Els residus -- 10. Desigualtats econòmiques i socials

Le thème de la gouvernance culturelle est abordé sous une triple approche : approche historique ; approche par la coopération au développement et les relations internationales ; approche par la société du savoir, l'économie créative et les tic. Aujourd'hui, les politiques culturelles, en se fondant sur les droits culturels et sur une autre "gouvernance", pourront mieux répondre aux défis du monde de demain. ; El tema de la governança cultural queda englobat en un enfocament triple: l'enfocament històric, l'enfocament de la cooperació al desenvolupament i les relacions internacionals, i l'enfocament de la societat del saber, l'economia creativa i les tic. Avui en dia, les polítiques culturals, en basar-se en drets culturals i en una altra «governança», podran respondre de manera més satisfactòria als desafiaments del demà. ; El tema de la gobernanza cultural queda englobado en un enfoque triple: el enfoque histórico, el enfoque de la cooperación al desarrollo y las relaciones internacionales, y el enfoque de la sociedad del saber, la economía creativa y las tic. Hoy en día, las políticas culturales, al basarse en derechos culturales y en otra «gobernanza», podrán responder de manera más satisfactoria a los desafíos del mañana. ; The question of cultural governance is dealt with from three approaches: the historical approach, the development cooperation and international relations approach, and the knowledge society, creative economy and ict approach. Today, cultural policies, based on cultural rights and on other "governance", will be better placed to meet the challenges of tomorrow.

Son grans els reptes que afronta el sistema d'educació a Eslovènia, Europa i en general el món per a introduir els aspectes ambientals i de salut en els programes d'estudi per a que els estudiants coneguin i comprenguin el Desenvolupament Sostenible. Els camins per a incorporar aquests temes en els programes universitaris depenen en gran part de factors com la grandària de la població i el sistema econòmic i polític de la zona. Diferents països a Europa estan estudiant diverses formes per a donar una solució a aquests fets. En el cas específic d'Eslovènia s'identificà una necessitat específica de formar professionals amb coneixements ambientals, d'epidemiologia, ecològics i de higiene. La creixent importància de l'enginyeria en les àrees abans esmentades i el potenciar la interdisciplinarietat, foren factors claus per a desenvolupar des del 1993 un programa d'Enginyeria Sanitària amb una duració de 4 anys. El ràpid desenvolupament del programa i la seva multidisciplinarietat han estat les raons principals per les que es va decidir que el programa s'impartís amb professores de dos universitats, així com amb experts de institucions i empreses. En relació amb altres sistemes universitaris similars a l'Europa de l'Est la experiència d'aquests 10 anys de treball a Eslovènia pot servir de model e fins i tot a través de la col·laboració ser adoptat en alguna altra universitat de la regió. ; Son grandes los retos que enfrenta el sistema educacional de Eslovenia, Europa y en general el mundo para lograr introducir los aspectos ambientales y de salud en los programas de estudio de tal forma que los estudiantes conozcan y comprendan el Desarrollo Sostenible. Los caminos para incorporar estos temas en los programas universitarios dependen en gran parte de factores como el tamaño de la población y el sistema económico y político de la zona. Diferentes países en Europa están tratando de formas diversas de dar solución a estos retos. En el caso específico de Eslovenia se identificó una necesidad específica de formar profesionales con conocimientos ambientales, epidemiológicos, ecológicos y de higiene. La creciente importancia de la ingeniería en las áreas antes mencionadas y el potenciar la interdisciplinariedad fueron factores claves para desarrollar desde 1993 un programa de Ingeniería Sanitaria con una duración de 4 años. El rápido desarrollo del programa y su multidisciplinariedad han sido las razones principales por las que se decidió que el programa se impartiera por profesores de dos universidades, así como expertos de instituciones y empresas. En relación con sistemas universitarios similares en Europa del Este la experiencia de estos 10 años de trabajo en Eslovenia puede servir de modelo e incluso a través de la colaboración ser adoptado en alguna otra universidad de la región. ; Great challenges are facing Slovene, European and world's educational systems in the introduction of environmental and health aspects into the curricula in such a way to empower the students with an adequate understanding and knowledge of sustainable development. Ways of incorporating these issues into the educational programme depends on broad range of factors such as number of inhabitants in the state as well as political and economic system. Different European states are trying to solve these challenges in a different manner. Due to the specificity of the Slovenia the need was recognised to educate professionals with the broad environmental, epidemiological, ecological and hygienic knowledge. The increased awareness about the importance of the engineering in the above mentioned areas and the interdisciplinary approach lead towards establishing a four year sanitary engineering programme in 1993. Its distinctive multidisciplinarity and rapid development in the field are the main reasons for the decision that selected course units are thought by professors and experts from two universities in Slovenia and other institutions as well as enterprises. Due to similar educational system in the South Eastern Europe in the past, ten years of experiences in Slovenia should be used as a model which could be, through the collaboration, adopted elsewhere in the region.

Son grans els reptes que afronta el sistema d'educació a Eslovènia, Europa i en general el món per a introduir els aspectes ambientals i de salut en els programes d'estudi per a que els estudiants coneguin i comprenguin el Desenvolupament Sostenible. Els camins per a incorporar aquests temes en els programes universitaris depenen en gran part de factors com la grandària de la població i el sistema econòmic i polític de la zona. Diferents països a Europa estan estudiant diverses formes per a donar una solució a aquests fets. En el cas específic d'Eslovènia s'identificà una necessitat específica de formar professionals amb coneixements ambientals, d'epidemiologia, ecològics i de higiene. La creixent importància de l'enginyeria en les àrees abans esmentades i el potenciar la interdisciplinarietat, foren factors claus per a desenvolupar des del 1993 un programa d'Enginyeria Sanitària amb una duració de 4 anys. El ràpid desenvolupament del programa i la seva multidisciplinarietat han estat les raons principals per les que es va decidir que el programa s'impartís amb professores de dos universitats, així com amb experts de institucions i empreses. En relació amb altres sistemes universitaris similars a l'Europa de l'Est la experiència d'aquests 10 anys de treball a Eslovènia pot servir de model e fins i tot a través de la col·laboració ser adoptat en alguna altra universitat de la regió. ; Son grandes los retos que enfrenta el sistema educacional de Eslovenia, Europa y en general el mundo para lograr introducir los aspectos ambientales y de salud en los programas de estudio de tal forma que los estudiantes conozcan y comprendan el Desarrollo Sostenible. Los caminos para incorporar estos temas en los programas universitarios dependen en gran parte de factores como el tamaño de la población y el sistema económico y político de la zona. Diferentes países en Europa están tratando de formas diversas de dar solución a estos retos. En el caso específico de Eslovenia se identificó una necesidad específica de formar profesionales con conocimientos ambientales, epidemiológicos, ecológicos y de higiene. La creciente importancia de la ingeniería en las áreas antes mencionadas y el potenciar la interdisciplinariedad fueron factores claves para desarrollar desde 1993 un programa de Ingeniería Sanitaria con una duración de 4 años. El rápido desarrollo del programa y su multidisciplinariedad han sido las razones principales por las que se decidió que el programa se impartiera por profesores de dos universidades, así como expertos de instituciones y empresas. En relación con sistemas universitarios similares en Europa del Este la experiencia de estos 10 años de trabajo en Eslovenia puede servir de modelo e incluso a través de la colaboración ser adoptado en alguna otra universidad de la región. ; Great challenges are facing Slovene, European and world's educational systems in the introduction of environmental and health aspects into the curricula in such a way to empower the students with an adequate understanding and knowledge of sustainable development. Ways of incorporating these issues into the educational programme depends on broad range of factors such as number of inhabitants in the state as well as political and economic system. Different European states are trying to solve these challenges in a different manner. Due to the specificity of the Slovenia the need was recognised to educate professionals with the broad environmental, epidemiological, ecological and hygienic knowledge. The increased awareness about the importance of the engineering in the above mentioned areas and the interdisciplinary approach lead towards establishing a four year sanitary engineering programme in 1993. Its distinctive multidisciplinarity and rapid development in the field are the main reasons for the decision that selected course units are thought by professors and experts from two universities in Slovenia and other institutions as well as enterprises. Due to similar educational system in the South Eastern Europe in the past, ten years of experiences in Slovenia should be used as a model which could be, through the collaboration, adopted elsewhere in the region.

There has for many years been legal recognition of Traditional Leaders in South African laws, such as the Black Administration Act 38 of 1927 and regulations and proclamations issued in terms of other legislation. Recently legal recognition was confirmed in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996. Additional recognition of Traditional Leaders and the institution of Traditional Leadership is found in the various provincial legislation providing for Provincial Houses of Traditional Leaders and the establishment and functioning of the National Council of Traditional Leaders. Yet the institution of Traditional Leadership has over the past few years given rise to much controversy. There are those who argue that the institution is outdated and others who regard Traditional Leaders as custodians of customary values and the only leaders who are truly responsible for the well being of communities historically and religiously entrusted to them. Traditional leaders fulfil a variety of functions in rural society, including that of presiding officer in customary courts, mediator of disputes, advisor in agricultural and family matters, guardian of young, old, infirm and abandoned. They perform legislative, executive and judicial functions according to the wish of the majority of the members of the tribe. It became apparent, that de facto Traditional Authorities are the only existing form of local government in rural areas in South Africa. It seems unlikely that, in the foreseeable future, it will be financially, politically or practically possible to replace this form of rural government with a comprehensive and sustainable alternative. The future role of Traditional Leadership in the development process is significant in that in addition to the recognition afforded by the Constitution and other legislation, the development law, unfolding in modern day South Africa under a new development paradigm, distinctly provides for Traditional Leaders to play a significant role in rural development and development planning at local government level in rural areas. The role and function of the Traditional Leaders of South Africa in the rural development process unfolds as the Integrated planning process comes into operation as envisaged in section 10 of the Local Government Transition Act 209 of 1993 read with the .principles contained in the Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995. The development principles and the regulations prescribing the process of formulating land development objectives, provides for an inclusive process in which all role players and stakeholders are to be involved. In practice this means that communities, community organizations and institutions, as concerned role players in civil society, are also the concerned and key role players in the development planning and development process at local level. No plan and development strategy will therefore meet the prescribed legal requirements of acceptable development planning standards, if the rural communities and their leaders are not directly and actively involved. Much of the confusion and conflict between Traditional Leadership and Customary Law Councilors on the one hand and elected Local Government Councilors on the other, arose as a result of a misunderstanding of the valuable support role which Traditional Leaders can play in the development process. The difference in the nature and scope of the tasks of elected and traditional community leaders provide a rich multi-facet basis on which a successful local governance system can be developed within the context of the current constitutional-legal framework in South Africa. In many other countries in Africa it was only realized after repeated failures of rural development experiments, that Traditional Leaders and Traditional Authorities constitute a most valuable asset in the rural development process.

The so-called "land question" is a well known theme in South African political discourse. Much has been written on the subject in recent times, but also in the historical development of South African politics. This article articulates thoughts concerning the political meaning of land by way of framing the land question as a space of political contestation in South Africa, simultaneously discussing it against a wider international background, acknowledging that the land question is not unique to South Africa and that it also relates to many historical and contemporary political struggles. It is suggested that such an approach possibly may contribute to contextualise the matter and to shed some of the emotional baggage that often pertains to it. The article contextualises land as political contestation while suggesting an interpretation of what politics is. Attention is afforded to the understanding of politics as conflict, but also as reconciliation and compromise against an underlying context of power and its purposes. The latter determining in what kind of country political actors would want to live and relating to interests and values that political actors hold in common. The possibility exists that if reconciliation and compromise are not possible, politics will come to an end, which will not contribute to a sustainable democracy or a solution to the land question. The broader conflicting nature of positions and understandings of the land question in South Africa is further highlighted within the context of political contestation, after which attention is afforded to the positioning of political actors within this contestation.The position of the government and political parties is highlighted within this conflict based framework, noting the different understandings of the land question as well as the commonalities that parties share. Reference is briefly made to non party political actors (formal and informal) which represents the same conflictual positions, but which also alludes to other factors relevant to the land question whereafter these factors are highlighted. These include the broader social and economical issues (which are also understood as political), as well as an agricultural and rural bias in the land question, while it is also a matter of political and socio-economic rights within an urban context. The question is also asked whether solutions to the land question should not be found in a forward looking manner, rather than a romanticised understanding of land. The article concludes with a discussion in regard to the land question, when it is viewed from the perspective of political contestation, as defined in this article, as well as considering the possible outcome of the land question. A suggestion is made that consideration could be given to a re-negotiation of this space of political contestation, as land reform will remain unsuccessful if the politics thereof is not addressed; although this would also entail its own dangers for a democratic South Africa where democracy is not yet fully consolidated. OPSOMMING: Grond en die sogenaamde "grondvraagstuk" is 'n welbekende tema in die Suid-Afrikaanse politieke diskoers. Heelwat is reeds hieroor geskryf in die hedendaagse tydsgewrig, maar ook in die historiese verloop van die Suid-Afrikaanse politiek. Hierdie artikel artikuleer gedagtes rondom die betekenis van grond as politieke stryd (en ook binne die konteks van 'n bepaalde begrip van politiek) in Suid-Afrika, maar plaas dit ook teen 'n wyer internasionale doek. Moontlik kan so 'n benadering bydra om die saak te kontekstualiseer en te ontdaan van die emosionele bagasie wat dikwels daarmee gepaardgaan. Die benadering van die artikel is dat grond as politieke stryd hanteer word, waarna aandag geskenk word aan hoe politieke akteurs hulself posisioneer binne hierdie stryd. Daar word ook kortliks verwys na ander faktore wat 'n rol speel in hierdie politieke stryd. Die artikel sluit af met 'n gevolgtrekking ten opsigte van die grondvraagstuk, wanneer dit vanuit die perspektief van politieke stryd, soos in hierdie artikel omskryf, beskou word en die moontlike uitkoms van die grondvraagstuk oorweeg word. ; http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_issues&pid=0041-4751&lng=en&nrm=iso