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The author analyses the problems of macroeconomic evolution from the Schumpeterian standpoint. The essence of the article is the search for economic policy microbasis, therewith the author suggests a new evolutionary model of interactions between "innovators" and "conservators." He takes a theoretical effort to correct significantly the concept of "creative destruction" widely used by the economists-evolutionists.

The purpose of the article is to identify repetitive types of interactions among the participants in the construction of the Murmansk Railway in 1915–1916 based on the material of archival documents and on the basis of the social action concept of M. Weber and T. Parsons. The object of the study is social groups whose members were identified by other actors as representatives of an ethnic community. The main participants in the interaction are, on the one hand, representatives of the security service, mainly guards — "Caucasians", on the other hand, prisoners of war and laborers — Chinese who were directly dependent on them. Representatives of these groups are potentially participants in conflict situations. It is concluded that conflict and rival forms of interaction can be represented as an adaptive system built by communities, which was based on the implementation of cultural models introduced by ethnic groups into the social structure of the Murmansk Railway. Social interactions based on previously assimilated cultural norms and ideas adapted to new circumstances and contributed to the implementation of a social order that was actually based on collective social justice.

En el presente artículo se exponen los resultados de una investigación guiada por el objetivo general de explicar el sistema de interacciones de actores sociales de la comunicación pública de ciencia y tecnología (CPCT), en un contexto en que toma forma la sociedad Red mediante los novedosos sistemas de comunicaciones fundados en las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC). El estudio se emprendió desde un marco teórico en el cual se señala la importancia de la comunicación pública como estrategia encaminada a generar la apropiación pública de la C y T, trascendiendo el periodismo y divulgación científica como herramientas de comunicación en solitario, dirigidos a mantener informado a un público especializado productor y conocedor de la información científico-tecnológica, para articularla a las políticas y toma de decisiones en el área en las cuales participen organismos internacionales, gobiernos, productores de ciencia y tecnología, asociaciones de periodistas, instituciones educativas y ciudadanos . El marco metodológico se constituyó mediante el tipo explicativo con diseño documental y bibliográfico para realizar la revisión y arqueo de los autores y documentos pertinentes a la investigación. La indagación concluye que el sistema de interacciones sociales mediado por comunicaciones globales de carácter personal, interpersonal y grupal, define las relaciones de intercambio comunicacional del actor social en torno a las políticas y la comunicación pública de C y T orientadas a su apropiación. ; This paper presents the results of a research aimed at explaining the system of interactions of social actors in Public Communication of Science and Technology (PCST), in the context of a social web defined by the novel systems of communication sustained on informational and communication technologies. The study's theoretical framework highlights the strategic importance of a Public Communication which focuses on promoting public appropriation of Science and Technology, going beyond the role of Journalism and Science Communication that informs a qualified public, to one that stablishes a bond with policies and decision making in the area, made with participation of international agencies, governments, producers of science and technology, journalists' associations, educational institutions, and citizens. The research relies on Explicative Methodology. A revision of pertinent bibliography leads to the conclusion that the system of social interactions mediated by personal, interpersonal and grupal global communications, define the relationships in the communicational exchange of the social actor with regard to public communication of science and technology and policies aimed at its appropriation.

En el presente artículo se exponen los resultados de una investigación guiada por el objetivo general de explicar el sistema de interacciones de actores sociales de la comunicación pública de ciencia y tecnología (CPCT), en un contexto en que toma forma la sociedad Red mediante los novedosos sistemas de comunicaciones fundados en las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC). El estudio se emprendió desde un marco teórico en el cual se señala la importancia de la comunicación pública como estrategia encaminada a generar la apropiación pública de la C y T, trascendiendo el periodismo y divulgación científica como herramientas de comunicación en solitario, dirigidos a mantener informado a un público especializado productor y conocedor de la información científico-tecnológica, para articularla a las políticas y toma de decisiones en el área en las cuales participen organismos internacionales, gobiernos, productores de ciencia y tecnología, asociaciones de periodistas, instituciones educativas y ciudadanos . El marco metodológico se constituyó mediante el tipo explicativo con diseño documental y bibliográfico para realizar la revisión y arqueo de los autores y documentos pertinentes a la investigación. La indagación concluye que el sistema de interacciones sociales mediado por comunicaciones globales de carácter personal, interpersonal y grupal, define las relaciones de intercambio comunicacional del actor social en torno a las políticas y la comunicación pública de C y T orientadas a su apropiación. ; This paper presents the results of a research aimed at explaining the system of interactions of social actors in Public Communication of Science and Technology (PCST), in the context of a social web defined by the novel systems of communication sustained on informational and communication technologies. The study's theoretical framework highlights the strategic importance of a Public Communication which focuses on promoting public appropriation of Science and Technology, going beyond the role of Journalism and Science Communication that informs a qualified public, to one that stablishes a bond with policies and decision making in the area, made with participation of international agencies, governments, producers of science and technology, journalists' associations, educational institutions, and citizens. The research relies on Explicative Methodology. A revision of pertinent bibliography leads to the conclusion that the system of social interactions mediated by personal, interpersonal and grupal global communications, define the relationships in the communicational exchange of the social actor with regard to public communication of science and technology and policies aimed at its appropriation.

Marketing thinkers identify concepts of relationship, interaction, and network as useful. Edgar Crane (1972) saw interaction as essential to buyer-seller decision-making. David Ford, Kristian Möller, and Håkan Håkansson followed with explanations of how marketing operates. Christian Grönroos expanded the horizon with 'interactive marketing'. Evert Gummesson saw interaction as "active contact" and all marketing as relationships and interaction in networks. The Relationship Marketing field flourished – at least for a time.Whilst many proponents of "interactive communication" and "social interaction" do not see the interaction concept as problematic, they focus attention on practices. I choose to re-examine both 'interaction' and 'communication', and to relate these concepts to the concepts of society and the social process we call "marketing".The discussion proceeds from the general perspective of humans living among others, to the specific situation of marketing in society. I examine the concept of 'interaction', and consider social interaction as exchange –a dialogical view of human communication. The patterning of social interaction in markets as distinct from bureaucracies, solidarity groupings, and co-operative collectives is examined.An alternative sociological analysis of the social is compared with that of the social psychology tradition. Communication is discussed as a mode of interaction, to reveal monologic (technical) and dialogic (humanitarian) conceptions of communication prevalent in the marketing field.Within the context of an 'Interaction Society', marketing is explained as a complex dynamic adaptive interaction system, revealing a conversational nature. It is proposed that interaction directs and co-ordinates, but also co-creates – 'interactional work' has innovative capacity.

▪ Abstract  The gender system includes processes that both define males and females as different in socially significant ways and justify inequality on the basis of that difference. Gender is different from other forms of social inequality in that men and women interact extensively within families and households and in other role relations. This high rate of contact between men and women raises important questions about how interaction creates experiences that confirm, or potentially could undermine, the beliefs about gender difference and inequality that underlie the gender system. Any theory of gender difference and inequality must accommodate three basic findings from research on interaction. (a). People perceive gender differences to be pervasive in interaction. (b). Studies of interaction among peers with equal power and status show few gender differences in behavior. (c). Most interactions between men and women occur in the structural context of roles or status relationships that are unequal. These status and power differences create very real interaction effects, which are often confounded with gender. Beliefs about gender difference combine with structurally unequal relationships to perpetuate status beliefs, leading men and women to recreate the gender system in everyday interaction. Only peer interactions that are not driven by cultural beliefs about the general competence of men and women or interactions in which women are status- or power-advantaged over men are likely to undermine the gender system.

Main goal of this work is the analysis of the interaction of participants of freight forwarding activities. Research methods included analysis of scientific literature, theory of systems and systems analysis, methods of induction and deduction. As sources of information used and applied work of fundamental importance known foreign and local scientists and regulatory and legislative documents of Ukraine for the state transport policy. In the article the basic interactions of participants of freight forwarding activities. Classified components freight forwarding services. Assign the concept freight forwarding system and its aim. Established element and forms of cooperation in the freight forwarding system. The main task of forwarding companies are organizing, coordinating and ensuring the delivery from shipper to consignee. Freight forwarding company responsible for the timely delivery of the goods on the condition of preservation of the quantity and quality specified time conditions. Currently used methods are uneffective decision-making, leading to losses. These circumstances require improvement methodology management of freight forwarding companies. This is possible only using modern mathematical methods and information technologies that will improve the operation of freight forwarding companies. The article presents a theoretical exposition of the basic processes of interaction between participants in freight forwarding system. The article may be of interest to specialists of freight forwarding companies.

Main problems related to reliability of interaction between human subject and artificial system (namely of the transportation character) are discussed. The paper consists of three mayor parts:The first one is devoted to the theoretical backgrounds of the problem from the both theory of system reliability and neurology/psychology views.Second part presents the discussion of relevant methodologies of the classification and prediction of the reliability decline. The methodology based on EEG pattern analysis is chosen as the appropriate one for the presented task. The key phenomenon of "micro-sleep" is discussed in detail.The last part presents some latest experimental results in context of presented knowledge. Proposals for the future studies are presented at the end of the presented article. The special interest should be devoted to the analysis and in-time prediction of fatal attention decreases and to the design and construction of the respective on-board applicable warning system.

RECENT INTEREST IN COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL INTERACTION IN GENERAL AND INTERNATIONAL REGIMES IN PARTICULAR HAS NOT BEEN MATCHED BY DEVELOPMENT IN THEORY AND METHODOLOGY. THIS ARTICLE DETAILS A SYSTEMATIC "SUBJECTIVE" APPROACH THAT SEEKS TO MEET THIS NEED. ITS CLAIMS ARE DEVELOPED THROUGH ITS COMPARISON WITH THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND SHORTCOMINGS OF MORE ESTABLISHED APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL INTERACTION AND, IN PARTICULAR, MICROECONOMIC FORMAL THEORY. THE SUBJECTIVE ALTERNATIVE CAN MODEL BOTH INDIVIDUAL SUBJECTS AND THE SYSTEMS IN WHICH THEY ARE PARTICIPATING. AS SUCH, IT OFFERS MUCH MORE IN TERMS OF CONTINUITIES AND CONNECTIONS BETWEEN AGENTS AND SYSTEM STRUCTURE THAN DO TRADITIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. THE THEORETICAL ARGUMENTS PROCEED IN THE CONTEXT OF A STUDY OF COOPERATION AND CONFLICT OVER ANTARCTICA AND ITS EVOLVING REGIMES.

Recent interest in cognitive approaches to international interaction in general and international regimes in particular has not been matched by development in theory and methodology. This article details a systematic "subjective" approach that seeks to meet this need. Its claims are developed through its comparison with the accomplishments and shortcomings of more established approaches to the study of international interaction and, in particular, microeconomic formal theory. The subjective alternative can model both individual subjects and the systems in which they are participating. As such, it offers much more in terms of continuities and connections between agents and system structure than do traditional psychological analyses in international relations. The theoretical arguments proceed in the context of a study of cooperation and conflict over Antarctica and its evolving regimes.

Develops a means for investigating the relation of the understandings, beliefs, and values of subjects to the larger structures of international interaction. Uses the most well-developed paradigm for the study of human subjectivity, Q methodology. (SJO)

PurposeConfronted with the transformation of industrial economies, the Taiwanese information technology (IT) industry has to upgrade from production to innovation orientation. The paper seeks to explore what is the core competence of the Taiwanese IT industry. In brief, what kind of intellectual capital (IC) is embedded in the Taiwanese IT industry and how this IC is managed effectively. The point is to discover how the Taiwanese IT industry should start to accumulate or enhance the core resource and strategic capability for future competitive advantage.Design/methodology/approachThe study selected a relatively representative number of IT firms in Taiwan covering six industries. This study conducted a two‐stage survey to construct a measurement model and explored the IC profile of the Taiwanese IT industries.FindingsThis study was able to identify eight IC factors as a measuring model in exploring the IC profiles of four Taiwanese IT industries. The findings indicate the stronger IC in the Taiwanese IT industry as well as the weaker side.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was limited by the sample within the Taiwan information communications technology industries. It needs to be extended across further industries in the future. It should also be compared with other countries' industrial IC under similar assessment and measurement. The significant differences between industries could be explored by case study methodology.Practical implicationsInnovation capability plays an important role in confronting the knowledge‐based economy in Taiwanese IT industries. However, there is no compelling evidence to show that investment in research and development will help to achieve the goal of establishing Taiwan as an "Asia Pacific Electronic Information Industry Resource Integration Center".Originality/valueThis research indicates that the IC System Model developed would help us to identify the interactions among IC elements. It could help to explore whether it is true that, the higher the IC management, the higher is the influence from the input of IC to the output.