Suchergebnisse

Das im Titel genannte und am 6.1.1995 in Kraft getretene Übereinkommen der WTO, genannt TRIPS, ist die erste multilaterale Vereinbarung, die den Schutz etwa von Urheberrechten, Patenten, Warenzeichen sowie anderem geistigen Eigentum gemäß den zentralen GATT-Prinzipien vorsieht. Der Verfasser erörtert hier zunächst die Ziele und Grundprinzipien des TRIPS-Abkommens. Wichtig ist vor allem, daß das TRIPS für die Unterzeichnerstaaten von verpflichtendem Charakter ist. Der Verfasser stellt die Maßnahmen und Verfahrensweisen bei der Behandlung von industrierelevanten Erfindungen, Warenzeichen und Autorenrechten in den Mittelpunkt und erörtert die Einzelregelungen dazu ausführlich. (BIOst-Rgl)

The authors analyze infrastructural, economic, traditional peculiarities of passenger services in rail transport functioning in Russia. The article covers the world trends of high-speed railway revolution and social and economic preconditions of its creation in Russia. The authors reveral ecological compatibility and energy efficiency of high-speed railway as well as the ability to generate macroeconomic effects due to speeding-up the passenger trips.

This paper reviews the behavior of medical tourists as an interdisciplinary object of study (evidence from Moscow region). We first examine the global medical tourism market, offering the classification of medical tourism trips from the perspective of consumer needs. We reveal the drivers for medical tourism development in emerging economies (drawing on India's experience). We construct a conceptual model of overall satisfaction of medical tourists as consumers of combined tourist and medical services. In partnership with Moscow medical tourist agencies we conducted an empirical study to identify the factors of consumer behavior of outbound medical tourists. The analysis makes it possible to substantiate the relevance of the proposed model, as well as to identify a number of distinctive features of the medical tourism segment based on the identified features of Russian medical tourists' behavior. We conclude with the implications to promote medical tourist destinations for Russia's medical tourists and to form a tourism product that fully meets their needs.

Раздел - "Международное право", рубрика - "Международное частное право" ; Статья посвящена анализу нового международного Соглашения по вопросам интеллектуальной собственности (АКТА, заключенного рядом государств за рамками сложившейся системы международного сотрудничества в этой области. Автор раскрывает причины, по которым развитые страны мира решили вынести его за рамки ВОИС и ВТО, а также анализирует негативные аспекты этого явления. В статье изложены правовые механизмы, существенно отличающие АКТА от других соглашений по вопросам интеллектуальной собственности. На примере регулирования таможенных мер по защите прав интеллектуальной собственности автор показывает, каким образом АКТА дополняет и развивает правила ТРИПС и источников права ЕС. = The article is devoted to the analysis of the new international agreement on intellectual property issues (ACTA), concluded by a number of countries outside the established system of international cooperation in this fi eld. The author reveals the motivation of the developed countries of the world to take ACTA beyond the WIPO and the WTO, and examines the negative aspects of this phenomenon. The article describes the legal mechanisms that signifi cantly distinguish ACTA from other agreements on intellectual property issues. Taking as an example rules on customs control measures protecting intellectual property rights, the author shows how ACTA complements and develops TRIPS and EU legal acts.

The study investigates the relationship between the spiritual and secular authorities regarding travelling arrangements for clergy in the territory of the Tobolsk North during the Synodical Period in the history of Russian Orthodoxy. The difficulties that abbots had to face when travelling to parishes were studied. For a long time travelling arrangements for clergy were unregulated and accompanied by abuse of indigenous population of the region. The search for mechanisms to ensure proper conditions for religious service, including the possibility of visiting parishes, required joint efforts of the state and the church. The secular authorities generally took a negative attitude to the requirements of priests and clergymen to freely use state-owned horses and questioned their travelling needs. Serving the fiscal interests of the State Treasury, the secular authorities were critical of the 'excessive zeal' of the clergy and tried to restrain the abuse of wandering and nomadic minorities. By the end of the studied period, the adoption of necessary legislative acts solved the problems of organizing trips for priests and clergymen to entrusted parishes. ; This study was conducted with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Department of Education and Youth Policy of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Yugra № 18-49-86002

The article discusses the process of acquiring the funds of the museums of the higher school of the BSSR in the 1920–30s on the example of the formation of scientific collections of the museums of the Belarusian State University. To study the problems of the stock activities of the museum, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, description, classification based on the principle of historicism were used. The source base is belt on materials from the fund 205 of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus that reflects the history of the BSU. The study of the sources and methods of receipt of museum items in the funds of university museums made it possible to consider the features of educational museums, identify priority areas for acquisition, reveal the specifics of the financial activities of museums, find organizations that contribute to fund activities, and characterize the ways in which museum items are received. The main forms of acquiring the funds of the BSU museums were donation (from scientists, major museums, educational and scientific institutions, organizations), collection of museum items during various scientific expeditions, business trips, production of exhibits in training workshops by scientists and university students, exchange and official acquisition of museum items. The combination of various forms and directions of forming the funds of the BSU museums provided the university with systematized, scientifically organized educational collections. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics, completeness and systematic character of the collections determined the high scientific level of development of educational museums of the BSU.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное частное право" ; Контрафакция и пиратство в области авторского и смежных прав представляют серьезную не только национальную, но и международную проблему, решение которой может быть более успешным, если правообладатели будут иметь закрепленные законом эффективные меры таможенной защиты. Многие современные законы об авторском праве содержат в себе условия, при которых таможенные органы могут по своей инициативе либо по просьбе правообладателей отказать в таможенной очистке продукции, которая производит впечатление несанкционированных копий защищенной продукции. Соответствующие нормы содержатся в Бернской конвенции и особенно развиты в Соглашении по ТРИПС. В Республике Беларусь возможность пресечения таможенными органами распространения контрафактных товаров появилась с момента вступления в силу соответствующих дополнений в Таможенный кодекс Республики Беларусь 14 июня 2002 г. Анализ нормативных актов, принятых в дальнейшем, позволяет выделить несколько этапов в процессе таможенной защиты авторского и смежных прав: подачу заявления правообладателем (его представителем), рассмотрение заявления таможенными органами, осуществление защитных мер таможенными органами при выявлении возможной контрафактности товара, определение контрафактности товара. Действующая процедура осуществления таможенными органами Республики Беларусь защиты прав на объекты авторского и смежных прав соответствует Соглашению по ТРИПС, хотя и содержит определенные пробелы. Представляется, что ряд мер — внесение в законодательство Республики Беларуси регламентации процедуры определения контрафактности товаров; обеспечение законодательной защиты прав лица, необоснованно обвиненного во ввозе контрафактной продукции; законодательное закрепление возможности приостановления таможенными органами выпуска товаров, не внесенных в реестр, в случае обнаружения их контрафактности без заявления правообладателя о защите своих прав и др. — позволит повысить эффективность и уровень таможенной защиты прав на объекты авторского права и смежных прав. = Counterfeiting and piracy in the field of authors' rights and related rights represent a serious problem, not only national, but also international, the solution of which decision can be more successful if legal owners have the effectual measures of customs protection fixed by the law. Many modern laws on the copyright comprise the conditions at which customs authorities can, on their own initiative or on the request of legal owners, refuse to give customs clearing to products which look like unauthorized copies of protected products. The corresponding norms are contained in the Berne Convention, and are specially developed in the Agreement on TRIPS. In Belarus the opportunity of suppression by customs authorities of distribution of the counterfeit goods appeared on coming into force of the corresponding addenda to the Customs Code of Belarus on June 14th, 2002. The analysis of the normative acts allows to define some stages in the procedure of customs protection of copyright and related rights: submission of the application by the legal owner (his representative), consideration of the application by customs authorities, realization of protective measures by customs authorities in explosing possible counterfeiting of the goods, definition of the counterfeit nature of the goods. The existing procedure of the customs authorities realizing the protection of the copyright and related rights to the objects produced corresponds to the TRIPS Agreement though it contains several gaps. It seems that a number of measures — introducing into the legislation of Belarus of a regulation of procedure of definition of the counterfeit goods; legislative guaranteeing of the rights of the person unreasonably accused of counterfeit products import; legislative fixing of hte possibility for the customs authorities to suspend the production of the goods not on the register without the legal owners' application in case their counterfeit character is detected — will allow to raise the efficiency and the level of customs protection of copyright and related rights.

Over the last decade, due to considerable expansion and energized activity of the Russian Navy in the areas of the World Ocean, the number of long sea trips of Northern Fleet ships has significantly increased. Long-term occupancy in the off-shore maritime zone, in different geographic areas — from the Northern Sea Route to Africa hold the Joint Strategic Command of the Northern Fleet and Medical Service to considerable organizational measures and decisions to ensure the preservation of health of the military personnel during the whole period of cruise, guaranteed qualified and specialized medical care in cases of acute diseases, medical emergencies and injuries. Organizational decisions were made in order to strengthen ship forces in an off-shore maritime zone by means of staff expansion with additional medical specialists and retrofitting with modern medical equipment, and specialized treatment extension what affects the morbidity rate and surgical treatment outcomes at sea. ; За последнее десятилетие в связи со значительным расширением присутствия и активности Военно-Морского Флота России в Мировом океане значительно возросло количество дальних морских походов кораблей Северного флота. Длительное нахождение кораблей в дальней морской зоне, в различных географических районах — от Северного морского пути до Африканского континента — требует от Объединенного стратегического командования Северного флота и медицинской службы серьезных организационных мероприятий и решений для обеспечения сохранения здоровья военнослужащих в течение всего периода плавания, гарантированного оказания квалифицированной и специализированной медицинской помощи в случаях возникновения острых заболеваний, неотложных состояний и травм. Приняты организационные решения по значительному усилению группировок кораблей в дальней морской зоне медицинскими специалистами, дооснащению современной медицинской аппаратурой и расширению специализированных видов лечения, что отразилось на уровне заболеваемости и исходах оперативного лечения в море.

The article focuses on the account of Belgian traveller Jan Nolet of his trip to Russia published in 1843 and known as A Trip to the North. In 1842 two Belgians went on a trip to Russia, a far-away country, still rarely visited by Europeans. They were Jean-Baptist David, a renowned representative of Flemish culture and a canon, and his younger fellow traveller, Dutchman Jan Nolet de Brauwere van Steeland. They both were opposed to the Belgian revolution of 1830 which led to the establishment of constitutional monarchy in the country with it later becoming a model to follow for the leading European countries. In Russia under Nicholas I they found the kind of rule that complied with their views, i. e. that characterized by discipline but also justice, absolute rule combined with trust in a beneficent tsar that rules the country without a conflicting opposition or insolent parliament. They visited Moscow and Saint Petersburg and saw things unfamiliar to them, and were amazed by what they discovered. They write respectfully and with a deep understanding about Russia and Russians, and they appreciate the majestic ruler Nicholas I. It is all the more noteworthy, because after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1831, the West's favourable attitude to Russia (after Peter the Great's reforms and Catherine II's regime, after Alexander I's victory over Napoleon) was exhausted. It is this event that marks the start of constant criticism of Russia's ways and actions by western journalists and travellers which continued until as long as 1917. The perception of Russia expressed by the Belgian travellers is also interesting because the same period is marked by the publication of a book by Astolphe de Custine, a French publicist, who criticised many sides of the Russian reality. ; Основной предмет исследования автора составляет отчет бельгийского путешественника Яна Нолета де Браувере ван Стееланда о путешествии в Россию, вышедший в свет в 1843 г. под названием «Поездка на север». В 1842 г. два бельгийца предприняли путешествие в далекую, мало еще посещавшуюся европейцами Россию. Это были видный деятель фламандской культуры каноник Ян-Баптист Давид и его более молодой спутник голландец Ян Нолет де Браувере ван Стееланд. Оба были противниками бельгийской революции 1830 г., давшей стране конституционную монархию, скоро ставшую образцом всей передовой Европы. В России царя Николая I наши путешественники нашли как раз ту страну, то правление, что им было по душе, – строгую, но справедливую власть, единовластие, веру в доброго царя, который управлял страной без крикливого парламента и оппозиции. Они были в Петербурге и Москве, видели много того, что было им не знакомо, удивлялись на каждом шагу увиденному. Они с уважением и пониманием пишут о России и русских, им очень нравится величественная фигура царствующего царя Николая I. Это тем более удивительно, потому что после подавления польского восстания 1831 г. симпатии Запада по отношению к России (после Петровских реформ и режима Екатерины II, после победы Александра I над Наполеоном) были совершенно исчерпаны. Именно с этого события начинается постоянная критика российских порядков западными путешественниками и журналистами, которая будет продолжаться до 1917 г. Восприятие России глазами бельгийских путешественников интересно еще и потому, что в то же время вышла в свет книга известного французского публициста Астольфа де Кюстина, который критиковал многие стороны российской действительности.

This article presents the results of a study conducted by the authors from January to May 2022 on the territory of the Stavropol Territory; an analysis of the conducted in-depth interview is presented. The authors describe the main ways to achieve the goal of forming a tolerant attitude towards representatives of various ethnic and cultural groups, including familiarizing students with the peculiarities of the national culture of other peoples through various creative competitions, ethnographic seminars, organizing joint excursion trips to the most interesting places of one or another subject of our country. Brief results are presented that are specific and narrow for studying the study of the characteristics of marriage by students of educational organizations of the Stavropol Territory, which are of particular interest, since for historical reasons it intricately combines the original Russian culture, the Cossacks and the peculiarities of the life of various peoples both in Russia and neighboring countries. As the main culturally conditioned models, the researchers singled out the primordialist and constructivist approaches, which determine a different way of interpreting ethnicity as such and the possibility of building constructive social ties. The article notes that certain ethnocultural contradictions are present, but significantly greater risks in building interethnic interaction are not associated with real contradictions in culture, but with ethnic stereotypes that have developed at the level of cultural and informational space, which provoke members of society to implement conflict models of interaction. The authors describe the process of legal prevention of conflicts on interethnic grounds, through the actions of our state represented by law enforcement agencies that are implementing a program to prevent extremism and terrorism among young people.

The labor legislation of Ukraine contains the largest number of rights and benefits for pregnant women. The article analyzes the legal status of pregnant women workers, examines the nuances of applying certain norms in practice, and gives examples of situations that become the subject of labor disputes. In addition to the basic labor rights given to all employees, expectant and accomplished mothers are provided with additional guarantees from the state, which is normal civilized practice. This applies to hiring, providing easier work, certain restrictions on attracting a pregnant employee to business trips, night or overtime work, dismissal and the possibility of disciplinary punishments. Not all employers are ready to comply with regulatory requirements, which often leads to violations of women's rights. At the same time, the employers themselves must be protected from certain tricks on the part of workers. The interests of the employer and the employee do not always coincide and, as a rule, each of them seeks to get as much income as possible with the expenses of their own resources (monetary, physical or intellectual). Meanwhile, both the employer and the employee must be aware of the need for absolute compliance with the requirements of labor legislation and take the necessary measures to fully implement the responsibilities assigned to them. Otherwise, regardless of the type and gravity of the offense, they can be brought to disciplinary, administrative or criminal liability. The state should exercise control over the observance of legislation in the labor sphere, since it is it that sets the rules for the behavior of employers and workers in the labor market. This function is entrusted to the State Department of Labor Law Supervision, the inspectors of which must exercise appropriate control to protect the labor rights of subjects of labor relations.

Introduction. The paper deals with the issues of the propaganda system in the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany (SOZ) between 1945 and 1949. Based on de-classified documents from Russian Archives propaganda organization, channels and methods of propaganda units of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAG) became a subject to study. The authors emphasize on control means towards German mass media and implementing the Soviet propaganda monopoly in East Germany.

Methods and materials. The authors consequently analyze the main channels and methods of positive USSR image broadcasting: radio, press, SMAG propaganda unit lectures, people's education system, activities of society for Soviet cultural studies, acquaintance trips of German delegations to the USSR, presentations of Soviet exhibitions and films.

Analysis and Results. The authors come to a conclusion that the Soviet propaganda in East Germany had a low efficiency. It failed to establish a complete monopoly of Soviet propaganda units in East Germany. The SOZ population could access the propaganda from West Germany and West Berlin, which broadcast a radically negative image of the USSR. Besides, the units and institutions of the Group of Soviet Occupation Troops in Germany (GSOTG) created their own image of Soviet people, which was different from the ideal and broadcast one. Thus, it turned out to be impossible to provide the unification of the broadcast and perception of propagandist materials devoted to the USSR and its population. Soviet propaganda in Germany had gone through the transition by the late 1940s: division of Germany in two states appeared to be a reality, and the establishment of socialist society on Stalin's model took place in East Germany. Ideological revisiting of the Soviet social constitution, and so its supremacy over the bourgeois one was to replace the conventional image of the country of total welfare and happiness.

Ключевые слова: альтернативная мера; возмещение убытков; Европейский союз; запретительные меры; коммерческая тайна; меры по устранению; незаконное приобретение, использование и раскрытие; обеспечительные и предупредительные меры; общественные интересы.= Keywords: alternative measure; compensation of losses; corrective measures; European Union; interlocutory injunction and advance measures; prohibitive measures; proscriptive measures; public interest; trade secrets; unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure. ; В статье анализируются изменения в праве Европейского союза в связи с принятием директивы (ЕС) 2016/943 Европейского парламента и Совета от 8 июня 2016 г. о защите нераскрытых секретов производства (ноу-хау) и коммерческой информации (коммерческой тайны) против их незаконного приобретения, использования и раскрытия, выявляется ее соотношение с Соглашением ТРИПС и директивой Европейского союза 2004/48/ЕС о принудительном осуществлении прав на интеллектуальную собственность, обосновывается необходимость совершенствования законодательства Республики Беларусь о коммерческой тайне путем введения норм, закрепляющих денежную компенсацию в качестве способа защиты права на коммерческую тайну, а также предоставляющих возможность рассчитывать причиненные владельцу коммерческой тайны убытки на основе роялти и др. = The article is dedicated to the analysis of amendments to the Law of the European Union in connection with the adoption of the Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure. Its correlation with the TRIPS Agreement and Directive 2004/48/EC on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Right is identified in the article. The necessity to improve the legislation of the Republic of Belarus on trade secrets by introducing norms stipulating pecuniary compensation as a means of protecting the right to trade secrets and providing an opportunity to calculate damages caused to the holder of trade secrets on the basis of royalties is substantiated in the present paper.

In the 1960s the Komsomol began to give particular attention to its international activity, which was not only limited to participation, but also involved the organization of many different events for foreign youth and students - international friendship camps, forums, trips of foreign delegations. The creation of the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR (KMO USSR) and the Sputnik International Youth Tourism Bureau (BMMT) contributed to the intensification of the tourist exchange between Soviet and foreign youth. Both organizations were subordinate to the Central Committee of the Komsomol and received funding from the Komsomol budget. In 1962, additional funds started being allocated for international activities, as evidenced by a new item of expenditure that appeared in the budget of the Komsomol. Most of this money was spent by the Central Committee, with excessive expenditure on the reception of foreign delegations and gifts, which was repeatedly noted by audit checks. Twelve to thirty committees with international youth camps (out of 86 regional Komsomol committees) received money under the framework of this funding item. During the period under study, the Komsomol actively helped with the payment of organizational fees to the funds of the World Festivals of Youth and Students, and then began to provide direct material assistance to the youth organizations in Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa, which regularly applied for it. It is important to note that the annual increase of spending on international activities occurred in the context of the termination of state funding for the Komsomol, which in 1959 became fully financially self-sufficient. Based on a wide range of archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the article presents an analysis of the financial activities of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, its sources of funding and directions for spending the funds allocated for international activities. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of serious scholarly investigation of this problem and the need to study the financial support of international activities in order to give a comprehensive assessment of its impact and efficiency.

The article explores visual image of N.S. Khrushchev as a political leader. Papers The Pravda, TheIzvestia, The Trud and magazines The Ogonyok, The Soviet Photo, The Soviet Union for the period1953—1964 are documentary basis of work. Purpose of the article is identification of Khrushchev'srepresentation features. The Author's attention was attracted by questions of Khrushchev's imageideologization and his visualization in mass-media, use of symbols and allusions which create imageof the thaw's party leader. Author detects main features of the Soviet leader's visual image throughmaterials from official events, appointments and business trips: emotionality, smile, freeness, agility,friendliness toward foreigners. Author concludes that periodical press was fostered the «new» imageof the Soviet leader, different from Stalin. The mass-media was became official party propaganda'sinstrument which permitting to desacralize the Soviet power in consciousness of citizens. ; Страницы: 22-30Язык: РусскийDOI:10.14529/ssh170403 Статья ретрактирована решением редакционной коллегии в связи с нарушением публикационной этики со стороны соавтора В.С. Балакина Т.М. Петровой с 3 апреля 2018 г. Обнаружено заимствование (скрытое цитирование), допущенное в результате добросовестного заблуждения Т.М.Петровой, из статьи Е. Викулиной «Власть и медиа. Визуальная революция 60-х// Cahiers du Monde RUSSE. Communiquer en URSS et en Europe socialiste. 2015.2-3. (Vol.56). P.429-466, с 3 апреля 2018 г. --- Раскрывается визуальный образ Н. С. Хрущева как политического лидера. Источниковед-ческую основу статьи составляют материалы газет «Правда», «Известия», «Труд» и журналов«Огонек», «Советское фото», «Советский Союз» за 1953—1964 гг. Целью работы являетсявыявление особенностей репрезентации Н. С. Хрущева. Внимание авторов привлекли вопросыидеологизации образа Н. С. Хрущева и его визуализации в массовой печати, использованиясимволов и аллюзий, создающих образ партийного лидера эпохи «оттепели». На материалах,освещающих официальные мероприятия и встречи, заграничные командировки Н. С. Хруще-ва, авторы выявляет «старые» и «новые» черты визуального образа советского руководителя.В частности, «выделение» Н. С. Хрущева среди руководителей, его центральное расположениена фотографиях, использование фотомонтажа, эмоциональность, улыбчивость, раскрепощен-ность, подвижность, дружелюбие по отношению к иностранным представителям. Авторыделают вывод о том, что периодическая печать способствовала медиатизации и десакрализацииобраза Н. С. Хрущева.