Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; In Peninsular India community tank systems are integral part of rural livelihoods for centuries. The interactions between human, land and water are highest in tanks and provides highest productivity both in agriculture and ecosystem uses. Tanks have multiple functions and several outputs like food (fish), fodder (tank bed) and fuel (bushes), ecosystem services like biodiversity (flora, fauna, avian), groundwater recharge and supporting services like washing, bathing, retting, etc. Tanks serve as a common pool resource and have various stakeholders ranging from government agencies, local panchayat, farmers, rural rich and poor. The breakdown of traditional system has resulted in encroachment, siltation, weed growth and poor inflows. Over exploitation of groundwater through bore wells have made these water bodies as a neglected entity, truly as "tragedy of commons". Poor management practices of catchment have resulted in silting of most of these water bodies and significant reduction of storage capacity. Silt deposit has not only reduced the storage capacity but also groundwater recharge, eutrophication of tanks and most importantly higher release of carbon to atmosphere through silt mediated anaerobic decomposition of organic carbon. Good practices such as desilting and application of silt to agricultural fields have been abandoned. Continued mining by crops and reduced application of organic manures has resulted in deficiency of several nutrients particularly that of micronutrients. Recycling of tank silt provides a win-win situation to both, improvement in soil health and renovation of the tank. ; Not Available

Not Available ; In Peninsular India community tank systems are integral part of rural livelihoods for centuries. The interactions between human, land and water are highest in tanks and provides highest productivity both in agriculture and ecosystem uses. Tanks have multiple functions and several outputs like food (fish), fodder (tank bed) and fuel (bushes), ecosystem services like biodiversity (flora, fauna, avian), groundwater recharge and supporting services like washing, bathing, retting, etc. Tanks serve as a common pool resource and have various stakeholders ranging from government agencies, local panchayat, farmers, rural rich and poor. The breakdown of traditional system has resulted in encroachment, siltation, weed growth and poor inflows. Over exploitation of groundwater through bore wells have made these water bodies as a neglected entity, truly as "tragedy of commons". Poor management practices of catchment have resulted in silting of most of these water bodies and significant reduction of storage capacity. Silt deposit has not only reduced the storage capacity but also groundwater recharge, eutrophication of tanks and most importantly higher release of carbon to atmosphere through silt mediated anaerobic decomposition of organic carbon. Good practices such as desilting and application of silt to agricultural fields have been abandoned. Continued mining by crops and reduced application of organic manures has resulted in deficiency of several nutrients particularly that of micronutrients. Recycling of tank silt provides a win-win situation to both, improvement in soil health and renovation of the tank. ; Not Available

Not Available ; Tanks were an integral part of rural life in India traditionally. However, with decreasing collective action by the community inappropriate soil and water management practices adopted by the farmers, encroachments of tanks and waterway by the individuals resulted in neglect of the tanks in villages. Good practices such as desilting and application of silt to agricultural fields were abandoned. Continued mining by crops and reduced application of organic manures have resulted in deficiency of several nutrients particularly that of micronutrients. ICRISAT in association with Modern Architects of Rural India (MARI), an NGO conducted a pilot project and quantified major and micro-nutrients present in the tank silt and also its impact on soil health and crop yields. The depth of silt in 12 tanks de-silted ranged from 1.2 m to 3.0 m. The pH of the tank silt ranged from 6.5 to 8.5, while the organic carbon content was found to be low (0.5% to 0.8%). The available N content of tank silt ranged from 328 mg kg-1 to 748 mg kg-1, available P 5 to 35 mg kg-1 and K 271 to 522 mg kg-1 silt. Similarly, available S ranged from 12 mg kg-1 to 30 mg kg-1 zinc from1.2 mg kg-1 to 5.6 mg kg-1 and boron 0.4 to 0.8 mg kg-1 silt. Microbial population was found to be low and it could be due to excessive use of pesticides for cash crops like cotton and chilli grown in the catchment area. Textural analysis indicated 70 to 80% clay, while the silt ranged from 15 to 25%. Addition of tank silt at 50, 100, 150 and 375 tractor loads per hectare improved the available water content by 0.002, 0.007, 0.012 and 0.032 g g-1 of soil, respectively in the plough layer and enhanced the tolerance of rain-fed crops to moisture stress by three to five days. The farmers could recover the investment made on transport of the silt through increased net profit in cotton and chilli compared to turmeric and maize. Further, the saving on pesticides alone was to the tune of Rs. 2500 ha-1 in cotton and chilli crops, which has indirect beneficial impact on the ecosystem. De-silting was found to be an economically viable activity both in terms of farmers' and project's perspective to create more storage capacity as well as to return the silt back to the fields. De-silting activity needs greater support from the government and non-governmental agencies for achieving multiple outputs like employment generation for landless, rejuvenating of the tanks and for enhanced productivity of dryland crops. ; Not Available

Like rest of Southern India, tanks in Tamil Nadu also suffered massive deterioration as irrigation moved towards being more atomistic and less community-managed. Tank institutions declined and what remained of these irrigation tanks evolved into mostly percolation tanks. In 2017, in the face one the biggest droughts affecting the state, Tamil Nadu government announced Kudimaramathu scheme to revive the age-old practice of community participation in tank repair and management. The program has tried to bring farmers together to form WUAs to take up activities for tank rehabilitation but like many other programs in the country, these institutions appear to exist only on paper with the program being driven primarily by local PWD officers and contractors. This paper brings insights from thirty tanks under rehabilitation in seven districts of the state which were taken up under this scheme and were studied through case study approach. The study attempts to uncover the factors which led to better implementation in some tanks compared to others. The lessons derived from these tanks can form the basis for effective programs on tank rehabilitation in future, especially those which aim at making them participatory. The paper reinforces the need for empowering WUAs rather than just creating them, if tank management is to be made long-lasting.