The article refers to relations in the process of communication between teacher and students. The author uses classical literature and an expert interview with an experienced school teacher to bring her point across. The author feels that the described issues are of particular significance for beginner pedagogues. Shakespeare's genius gives a broad perspective on the subject of communication, because in both comedies and dramas we observe the importance of the communication aspect, which may be transferred to the relationship between students and the teacher. This gives a broad picture of the possible scenarios that will appear in the teacher's work and allows one to draw conclusions from the heroes' mistakes, which may be identical to those made in the relationships with students.
The article is devoted to a critical review of the European Parliament Resolution of February 16, 2017 on the regulations in the field of robotics. The authors analyze the approaches of the creators of the law in terms of perception of autonomous robots as subjects of law and pay attention to the legal liability for damage caused by robots. The authors conclude that the concept of robots as the subject of law and the possibility of endowing robots with artificial intelligence with the qualities of a legal or electronic entity are arguable. First of all, the legal personality of robots raises the problem of responsibility and protection of the rights of potential victims. The resolution of the European Parliament emphasizes the need for such a legal structure that will ensure the harmonization of the interests of developers and sellers of autonomous robots, users and victims – the imposition of liability on the manufacturer or liability insurance.
In the 21st century, information is golden. The question is whether in his book entitled Open Source Intelligence Techniques: Resources for Searching and Analyzing Online Information Michael Bazzell teaches us how to get it? This review answers this question by providing an objective overview on the publication. The introduction contains certain biographical information on the author, including information on his experience and its impact on the development of the open-source intelligence (OSINT). Next, the reviewer goes on to describe the solutions that M. Bazzell proposes to his readers, followed by the assessment of the work's goal and reasoning, the author's familiarity with the recent studies in the field, as well as the language of and the logic behind the statements. The review ends with a summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the publication and a clear view on the work.
The effectiveness of teaching the religion depends on the degree of the linguistic efficiency for the sender and for the recipient and by the degree of linguistic awareness of the religion instruction teacher i.e. his knowledge about mechanisms of the linguistic intercommunication. In the religious education transmission it seems essential to be perceiving language of the religious education by pupils. Amongst pupils and religion instruction teachers from primary schools and post-secondary a belief that the new manuals are adapted for the age and the level of the religious knowledge of pupils is dominating, they aren't proposing more serious linguistic problems concerning remarks. This belief results from the low-end acquaintance of the religious /terminology pupil's/ and of religion instruction teacher's /conformism/. Pupils of upper secondary schools are more conscious of their gaps in the knowledge of a language religious however the little percentage is only trying to make up for these gaps through the participation in active religious education /especially this beyond the school/.
The subject of the analysis is the idea of internal trainers in the civil service (government administration offices). I consider an internal trainer as a civil service employee who, beyond his/her own basic scope of responsibilities, teaches others in the subjects he/she majors. In the research I use the perspective of knowledge and human resources management. The main reference point is the AMO paradigm, which determines the conditions of people management effectiveness. In line with it, effective employees (trainers in this case) are able (prepared for their role), motivated (intrinsically or extrinsically) and institutionally given the opportunity to act. In the article, I present the actions which the administration can undertake in each of these areas. I also analyse the advantages and disadvantages of the idea of internal trainers and refer to its criteria of success. Against this background I present a case study - the functioning of the group of internal trainers at the Chancellery of the Prime Minister.
Despite the plethora of conducted research and analyses, their actual use in the design and implementation of public policies is quite limited. The latest research indicates that an effective strategy to strengthen the use of public policy research results in practice is knowledge brokering. The article demonstrates the use of an educational innovation enabling knowledge brokering teaching through practice - by means of a simulation game-based workshop. The past experience connected with the use of "Knowledge 176 Karol Olejniczak, Dominika Wojtowicz Studia z Polityki Publicznej Brokers" game to teach public sector professionals in Poland, the United States and Canada has confirmed that the game helps to: (1) understand the role of the public policy research and analysis results, (2) master the six key skills of knowledge brokers and (3) understand the broker's limitations in influencing the decision-making process. Public administration institutions can make use of "Knowledge Brokers" for the practical training of their analytical personnel and raising its organizational capacity to carry out public policies based on evidence.
The aim of the study is to present and compare the level of protection of the rights of national minorities in the states created by the break-up of the Soviet Union, along its former western border. The research covered: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. In pursuit of the stated aim, the processes occurring in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, which resulted in migrations and significant ethnic mixing of the population, are presented. In the next step, the population of ethnic minorities in the countries covered by the study is presented. It is indicated who each of the countries in question recognises as belonging to minority groups, as well as who Russia, as heir to the former empire, recognises as minorities living in the territories in question. In the final step, the principles of protection of the rights of national minorities in the respective states were analysed. Particular attention was paid to the issue of the freedom to use and teach the language of minority groups. The research showed that the three Baltic States, after regaining their independence, started to rebuild their national identity at the expense of minority rights. However, by doing so, they are now gradually improving their status. The other three states have followed a different path by specifically trying to protect the largest Russian-speaking language group. Growing pressure from Russia seeking to rebuild its imperial position has exposed the flaws in such an arrangement, and Russian-speaking minorities have become a tool of its efforts. As a result, Belarus is on the road to losing its own distinctiveness and reintegrating, Moldova is trying to balance although gradually strengthening its national identity, while Ukraine has abruptly changed its policy since 2014 and is now diligently building its own identity at the expense, however, of minority rights.
The aim of this paper is to indicate a diverse nature of the issues investigated in public policy sciences, particularly emphasizing the importance of the health policy in explaining social reality. By resolving public problems, numerous needs of society, inter alia, health needs can be met. One of the sciences which explains social problems and public policy has an interest in is the health policy. Both the health policy and public policy have two dimensions, i.e. applicable and theoretical. In terms of 'applicable' one, active participation of all social life entities affecting awareness of developing health resources is vital. And in the theoretical one, as a science, health policy addresses theoretical problems related to satisfying health needs of individual and collective populations. However, in the existing definitions of the health policy, there is no reference to "health needs". One can only assume that this category is used intuitively as it is hard to imagine numerous activities and decisions taken without identifying the needs, so that the health system could meet them. Reverting to health policy in its practical sense it is crucial to teach the public responsibility for their own behavior towards health. Health education deals with the skills needed to care about health in an accountable and independent way. This kind of education plays an important part in the implementation of public policy since its task is not only to transfer knowledge, but also to develop skills to make informed choices and decisions and thus to shape a democratic society with an independent way of thinking. The applicable role of the health policy is to improve the management of the health sector. In this respect, the organization of the treatment process, which is to provide comprehensive medical care for patients and therefore to improve the existing relations of a public nature, is essential.
