Suchergebnisse

Teaching reforms are the object of research in Education. The 1920 reform of public teaching in the state of São Paulo was analyzed, led by Sampaio Dória, from a standpoint of legal prescriptions and its implementation in a specific reality, the Normal School of Piracicaba/SP. The implementation counted on a group of teachers, which is our privileged object of research. From such group, we learn the establishment of a power gradient producing social figuration out of recognized pedagogic, literary, artistic and political nationalistic domains. The power and figuration concepts proposed by Norbert Elias provide us with theoretical support. The 1920 reform, a network of interdependent people and its unfolding are analyzed in this article. ; As reformas de ensino são objetos de pesquisa em Educação. Analisou-se a Reforma de 1920 da instrução pública paulista, dirigida por Sampaio Dória, do ponto de vista das prescrições legais e de sua implantação em uma realidade específica, a Escola Normal de Piracicaba/SP. A implantação contou com um grupo de professores que é o nosso objeto privilegiado. Dele apreendemos a formação de uma figuração social produtora de gradientes de poder a partir de reconhecidos domínios pedagógicos, literários, artísticos e político-nacionalistas. Os conceitos de figuração e de poder propostos por Norbert Elias nos dão suporte teórico. A Reforma de 1920, uma rede de pessoas interdependentes e seus desdobramentos são analisados neste artigo.

O presente trabalho integra uma pesquisa sobre a produção de sentidos subjetivos dos professores frente às adversidades da profissão e apresenta resultados do seguinte objetivo: identificar expectativas, realizações e frustrações dos professores referentes à sua escolha profissional e perspectivas de futuro. A articulação entre esses dois enfoques constitui-se em um tema desafiador considerando-se a complexidade do contexto educacional, possibilitando aprofundar a compreensão sobre o processo de aprendizagem docente e desenvolvimento profissional. O tema é abordado na perspectiva da Teoria da Subjetividade, de González Rey, sendo a subjetividade definida como um sistema complexo, singular e contraditório, que se constitui no curso da história de vida de cada pessoa e está em constante movimento a partir da contínua e processual produção de sentidos subjetivos. A pesquisa orientou-se a partir dos pressupostos da Epistemologia Qualitativa, proposta pelo mesmo autor, na qual a construção empírica e teórica se caracteriza pelo caráter construtivo-interpretativo das informações, pelo processo dialógico e pela legitimação dos casos singulares como instância de produção do conhecimento científico. Participaram da pesquisa onze professores do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública de Palmas–TO. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram observações, entrevistas, discussões em grupos, produção de texto e complemento de frases. Em relação à escolha profissional dos professores, identificamos três motivos: influências da família, falta de oportunidades de trabalho em outras áreas e opção pessoal pelo magistério. Tais motivos articulavam-se de maneira complexa e dialética com as perspectivas de futuro na profissão: parte do grupo gostaria de atuar em outras áreas na educação, alguns sentiam-se realizados e outros queriam mudar de profissão. Concluímos que o processo de escolha profissional e a singularidade da história de vida são fatores que também interferem na maneira como os professores vivenciam seu cotidiano e como se posicionam frente à opção pessoal de permanecer ou desistir da docência.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17227/01203916.70rce223.245This article describes how this social activity is the result of historical experiences and policies modalities -disciplinarian, normalizing, and of control-, which our society in specific times and places, set in motion certain orders of knowledge, specific forms of power with the aim of imposing teaching practices as development of sophisticated forms of social government. The theoretical-methodological instrument corresponds to the concept of teachers' policies, describes the conditions of formation, existence and disappearance of teaching as a practice produced under the action of specific positive reactions that define and formulate certain mechanisms and procedures of power which strive to do a teaching in social practice teaching, education and learning. The concept of teachers' policies is an instrument that seeks to showcase teaching as a set of religious and moral practices, normalizing and educational, productive and technical-scientific, professionalizing and of control, which performed between instances and subjects, result in the unique social functions to gather, to instruct, to discipline, to educate, to train, to stimulate innovation and skills as a set of specific effects of social government. The article shows that teaching is a practices historical, political and social, consisting of strategies and tactics of knowledge and power, through which institutions are calculated, prescribed, organized, conducted and related under the pretense of conforming teaching practices of government. Finally, it emphasizes that teachers have the power to appropriate, attribute and become a politics, ethics and aesthet - ics, transgressive teaching of self and others. ; Este artículo describe la docencia como actividad social resultado de experiencias históricas y políticas discontinuas (disciplinarias, normalizadoras y de control), que nuestra sociedad en tiempos y espacios específicos, pone en juego determi - nados órdenes de saber, y específicas modalidades de poder con la pretensión de imponer prácticas docentes como elaboración de sofisticadas formas de gobierno social. El instrumental teórico-metodológico corresponde al concepto de políticas docentes, con la cual se describen las condiciones de formación, existencia y desaparición de la docencia, como práctica producida por la intervención de positividades, que definen y formulan determinados mecanismos y procedimientos de poder, que intenta volver la docencia en una práctica social de enseñanza, educación y aprendizaje. El concepto de políticas docentes es una herramienta que busca exhibir la docencia como conjunto de las prácticas religiosas y morales, normalizadoras y educativas, productivas y técnico-científicas, profesionalizantes y de control, que realizadas entre instancias y sujetos dan lugar a las singulares funciones sociales de reunir, instruir, disciplinar, educar, capacitar normalizar, orientar, controlar y administrar, de estimular innovaciones y competencias, como un conjunto de efectos de gobierno social. El artículo demuestra que la docencia es el resultado múltiples prácticas históricas, políticas y sociales, formadas por estrategias y tácticas de saber y de poder, a través de las cuales se calculan, prescriben, organizan, realizan y relacionan instituciones bajo la pretensión de conformar especializadas tecnologías de gobierno. Finalmente, resalta que en los docentes se halla el poder de apropiarse, atribuirse y devenir una docencia política, ética y estética, transgresora de sí y de los otros.

Este artigo apresentará uma discussão sobre a educação inclusiva e noções de deficiência. As reflexões são resultado de um estudo que produziu quatro narrativas (registradas por meio da história oral) em que se revelaram concepções sobre a deficiência elaboradas por professores que convivem com crianças com deficiência. Os objetivos do texto são, portanto, apresentar um repertório teórico que dá base para as leituras feitas das entrevistas; refletir sobre como se produziu os registros por meio da história oral; e apontar reflexões iniciais sobre o que aparece em comum nessas narrativas dos professores. A análise inicial que apresentamos aqui se norteia pelas contribuições da linha de estudos teóricos chamados disability studies e pela leitura das narrativas. Tal diálogo permitiu compreender como se dá a construção de sentidos e de significados relacionados à criança com deficiência para esses sujeitos. O estudo preocupa-se com tais concepções, pois acredita que podem influenciar nos contextos de formação, no seu desenvolvimento humano e processos identitários.

A partir dos anos 1990, a América Latina foi palco de inúmeras reformas educacionais, fruto de recomendações de organismos internacionais, ditadas pelo modelo econômico neoliberal. Essas reformas materializaram-se, basicamente, na constituição de sistemas de avaliação, na ênfase na formação continuada de professores e na disseminação de tecnologias de comunicação e informação. O presente artigo tem como recorte a formação continuada de professores, visando a identificar, caracterizar e comparar políticas em curso no Brasil e no México, bem como a analisar estratégias de sua implantação, com especial atenção para as formas de apropriação das referidas recomendações em cada um dos países. Nesse exercício comparativo, partimos da concepção de que, embora sob uma mesma lógica, os projetos formativos expressam distintas conjunturas políticas e culturais, bem como tensões, disputas e interesses em jogo para sua implementação. Nesse sentido, é verdade que elas atendem antigas reivindicações ao colocarem o professor como centro de suas preocupações. No entanto, em linhas gerais, isso não implica que o professor seja considerado como sujeito político da ação da formação e do fazer docente; ao contrário, parte-se do princípio de que ao docente faltam elementos para educar, que devem ser supridos em cursos de formação continuada. Esses, ao centrarem-se na certificação (Brasil), ou na obtenção de pontuação para progressão na carreira (México), podem resultar em mais um elemento de sobrecarga de trabalho. Ainda assim, muitas vezes os professores inventam formas de apropriação desses cursos não previstas pelas políticas, construindo novas significações para o trabalho docente. ; Since the 1990s, Latin America has been the scene of numerous education reforms resulting from recommendations of international organizations, dictated by the neoliberal economic model. These reforms materialized basically in the establishment of assessment systems, the emphasis on continuing teacher education and the dissemination of information and communication technologies. In this article, we focus on the issue of continuing teacher education, aiming at identifying, characterizing and comparing current policies in Brazil and Mexico. We also analyze the strategies of their implementation, with special attention to the forms of appropriation of the proposals in both countries. In this comparative exercise, we start from the concept that, although under the same logic, the formative projects express different political and cultural contexts, as well as tensions, disputes and interests for their implementation. In this sense, it is true that they meet demands by placing the teacher as the center of their concerns. However, in general, this does not imply that teachers are considered subjects of political action in their education and teaching activities; on the contrary, they start from the principle that teachers lack elements to educate, which should be supplied in continuing education courses. Such courses, by focusing on certification (Brazil), or on obtaining scores for career advancement (Mexico), may result in further overwork. Nevertheless, teachers often invent forms of appropriation of these courses unforeseen by the public policies, building new meanings for their teaching.

Orientados por la Teoría Crítica de la Sociedad, analizamos el contenido de entrevistas con 17 profesores de cinco escuelas públicas de São Paulo acerca de lo que produce y lo que se debe hacer para reducir el bullying. Identificamos tres categorías de respuestas: que expresan conciencia crítica sobre su producción y reducción; que denotan la participación en relación a su combate, pero limitada conciencia acerca de sus causas; y que demonstram consciencia restricta en ambos los casos. Una vez que la conciencia debilitada se destacó en la mayoría de los casos, llegamos a la conclusión que ampliar las acciones destinadas a la formación conceptual reforzaría junto a los profesionales que tengan la intención de hacer frente a este tipo de violencia, sea a través de la intervención directa, del desarrollo de las pesquisas o proposición de políticas públicas. ; Orientados pela Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, analisamos o conteúdo de entrevistas de 17 professores de cinco escolas públicas paulistanas acerca do que produz o bullying e do que deve ser feito para reduzi-lo. Identificamos três categorias de respostas: as que expressam consciência crítica a respeito de sua produção e redução; as que denotam engajamento em relação a seu combate, mas consciência restrita a respeito de suas causas; e as que apresentam consciência restrita em ambos os casos. Como a consciência fragilizada se destacou na maioria dos casos, concluímos que ampliar ações destinadas à formação conceitual a fortaleceria junto a profissionais que se propõem a enfrentar esse tipo de violência, quer seja por meio da intervenção direta, do desenvolvimento de pesquisas ou da proposição de políticas públicas. ; Sous l'orientation de la Théorie Critique de la Société, on a analysé le contenu d'entretiens avec 17 professeurs de cinq écoles publiques de la ville de São Paulo au sujet de ce qui produit le bullying et de ce qui doit être fait pour le réduire. On a identifié trois catégories de réponses : des réponses qui expriment une conscience critique à l'égard de sa production et de sa réduction ; des réponses qui témoignent un engagement pour le combat contre le bullying, mais une conscience restreinte en ce qui concerne ses causes ; et, finalement, des réponses qui présentent une conscience restreinte sous les deux rapports. Comme la conscience fragilisée a ressorti dans la plupart des cas, on a conclu que l'amplification des actions destinées à la formation conceptuelle la fortifierait avec les professionnels qui se proposent d'affronter ce type de violence, soit par l'intervention directe, soit par le développement de recherches, soit par la proposition de politiques publiques. ; Based on the Critical Theory of Society, we analyzed seventeen interviews with teachers of five public schools from the city of São Paulo regarding the causes of bullying and what should be done to reduce it. We identified three categories of answers: those that express critical consciousness of its construction and reduction; those that indicate engagement regarding its combat, but restricted consciousness of its causes; and those that present limited consciousness in both cases. Since the weakened consciousness stood out in most cases, we concluded that amplifying actions intended to provide conceptual formation could strengthen it more than professionals who confront this form of violence, whether through direct interventions, through further research on the subject, or through the proposal of public policies.

ABSTRACT. This was a descriptive survey study design which sought to establish the school based factors that affect the learning of Kenyan Sign Language in primary schools for learners with hearing impairment in Embu and Isiolo counties in Kenya. The target population was all teachers teaching in primary schools for learners with hearing impairment in the two counties. From the selected schools, the study purposively and randomly sampled 2 head teachers and 8 teachers respectively. Interview guides were used to obtain data from the head teachers, questionnaires from teachers while observation schedules were used to obtain data on the general nature of the school environment. Quantitative data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and tabulated in frequency tables, bar charts and pie charts while qualitative data were analyzed and presented in narrative form. The study findings revealed that all the sampled respondents had training in special needs education but only 25% had training in KSL as a subject. Basing on the findings the researcher recommends that the TSC should post only teachers trained in KSL to teach KSL among learners with HI and that the universities should introduce KSL as a teaching subject alongside other subjects like Mathematics, English and Kiswahili. ; This was a descriptive survey study design which sought to establish the school based factors that affect the learning of Kenyan Sign Language in primary schools for learners with hearing impairment in Embu and Isiolo counties in Kenya. The target population was all teachers teaching in primary schools for learners with hearing impairment in the two counties. From the selected schools, the study purposively and randomly sampled 2 head teachers and 8 teachers. Interview guides were used to obtain data from the head teachers, questionnaires from teachers while observation schedules were used to obtain data on the general nature of the school environment. Quantitative data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and tabulated in frequency tables, bar charts and pie charts while qualitative data were analyzed and presented in narrative form. The study findings revealed that; school infrastructure had a direct impact to the academic achievement of learners, teachers made use of curriculum instructional materials such as KSL dictionaries, charts and KSL texts books to teach KSL although the researcher's observation indicated inadequacy of these resources, all the sampled respondents had training in special needs education but only 25% had training in KSL as a subject and finally the findings also revealed that the school management had a bearing effect on the learning of KSL among learners with HI. Basing on the findings the researcher recommends that the government through the MoE should increase the funding of these schools in order for them to have the adequate resources required, to put up and maintain good quality and adequate infrastructure, teachers teaching KSL should move further and make use of audio visual curriculum materials such as TVs and computers instead of only relying on the KSL dictionaries, charts and books. On the academic training of the KSL teachers, the TSC should post teachers trained in KSL to teach KSL among learners with HI and the universities should also introduce KSL as a teaching subject alongside other subjects like Mathematics, English, Kiswahili and the like. The researcher further recommends for the training of all stakeholders in education management since training the heads alone is not sufficient because school management is a team effort. ; RESUMEN. Este estudio se caracteriza como una investigación descriptiva que tuvo como objetivo señalar los factores escolares que influyen en el aprendizaje de lengua de signos en las escuelas primarias de Kenia para los alumnos con discapacidad auditiva en los municipios de Embu e Isiolo, Kenia. La población objetivo era que todos los maestros que enseñan en las escuelas primarias para los alumnos con discapacidad auditiva en ambas ciudades. Para la selección de las escuelas, el estudio seleccionado al azar 2 directores y ocho profesores asistentes, respectivamente. Las entrevistas se utilizan para obtener datos de los grandes maestros, cuestionarios para los asistentes de enseñanza, y también se utilizó para observar, con el fin de obtener datos sobre la naturaleza general del entorno escolar, locus de esta investigación. Los datos cuantitativos obtenidos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva y se tabulan en tablas de frecuencias, gráficos de barras y gráficos circulares mientras que los datos cualitativos fueron analizados y presentados en forma narrativa. Los resultados del estudio revelaron que todos los encuestados de la muestra fueron capacitados en educación especial, pero sólo el 25% tienen formación en KSL como sujeto. Con base en los hallazgos de la investigación, se recomienda que el TSC debe publicar sólo los profesores con formación en KSL para enseñar KSL a los estudiantes con entre HI y que las universidades deben presentar KSL como una disciplina de enseñanza junto a otras disciplinas como las matemáticas, Inglés y kiswahili. ; ABSTRACT. This was a descriptive survey study design which sought to establish the school based factors that affect the learning of Kenyan Sign Language in primary schools for learners with hearing impairment in Embu and Isiolo counties in Kenya. The target population was all teachers teaching in primary schools for learners with hearing impairment in the two counties. From the selected schools, the study purposively and randomly sampled 2 head teachers and 8 teachers respectively. Interview guides were used to obtain data from the head teachers, questionnaires from teachers while observation schedules were used to obtain data on the general nature of the school environment. Quantitative data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and tabulated in frequency tables, bar charts and pie charts while qualitative data were analyzed and presented in narrative form. The study findings revealed that all the sampled respondents had training in special needs education but only 25% had training in KSL as a subject. Basing on the findings the researcher recommends that the TSC should post only teachers trained in KSL to teach KSL among learners with HI and that the universities should introduce KSL as a teaching subject alongside other subjects like Mathematics, English and Kiswahili. ; Fatores escolares que afetam a aprendizagem da língua de sinais de quenianos nas escolas primárias para deficientes auditivos em Embu e municípios de Isiolo, Quênia Este estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa descritiva que pretendeu apontar os fatores escolares que afetam a aprendizagem de Língua de Sinais Queniana nas escolas primárias para os alunos com deficiência auditiva nos municípios de Embu e Isiolo, no Quênia. A população-alvo foi todos os professores que ensinam nas escolas primárias para os alunos com deficiência auditiva nos dois municípios. Para a seleção das escolas, de forma aleatória o estudo selecionou 2 professores principais e 8 professores assistentes, respectivamente. Foram utilizadas entrevistas para obter dados dos professores principais, questionários para os professores assistentes, e também foi utilizada a observação, com o objetivo de obter dados sobre a natureza geral do ambiente escolar, lócus desta pesquisa. Os dados quantitativos coletados foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas e tabulados em tabelas de frequência, gráficos de barras e gráficos de pizza enquanto os dados qualitativos foram analisados e apresentados em forma de narrativa. Os resultados do estudo revelaram que todos os entrevistados da amostra tiveram formação em educação especial, mas apenas 25% tinham formação em KSL como sujeito. Baseando-se nas conclusões do pesquisador, recomendamos que a TSC deve postar apenas os professores com formação em KSL para ensinar KSL entre os alunos com HI e que as universidades devem apresentar KSL como uma disciplina de ensino ao lado de outras disciplinas como Matemática, Inglês e Kiswahili. Palavras-chave: Escola, Aprendizagem, Linguagem em Escolas Primárias. School based factors affecting learning of Kenyan sign language in primary schools for hearing impaired in Embu and Isiolo counties, Kenya ABSTRACT. This was a descriptive survey study design which sought to establish the school based factors that affect the learning of Kenyan Sign Language in primary schools for learners with hearing impairment in Embu and Isiolo counties in Kenya. The target population was all teachers teaching in primary schools for learners with hearing impairment in the two counties. From the selected schools, the study purposively and randomly sampled 2 head teachers and 8 teachers respectively. Interview guides were used to obtain data from the head teachers, questionnaires from teachers while observation schedules were used to obtain data on the general nature of the school environment. Quantitative data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and tabulated in frequency tables, bar charts and pie charts while qualitative data were analyzed and presented in narrative form. The study findings revealed that all the sampled respondents had training in special needs education but only 25% had training in KSL as a subject. Basing on the findings the researcher recommends that the TSC should post only teachers trained in KSL to teach KSL among learners with HI and that the universities should introduce KSL as a teaching subject alongside other subjects like Mathematics, English and Kiswahili. Keywords: School, Learning, Language in Primary Schools. Factores con bases la escuela que afectan el aprendizaje de la lengua de signos en las escuelas primarias de Kenia para los sordos y los distritos de Isiolo Embu, Kenia RESUMEN. Este estudio se caracteriza como una investigación descriptiva que tuvo como objetivo señalar los factores escolares que influyen en el aprendizaje de lengua de signos en las escuelas primarias de Kenia para los alumnos con discapacidad auditiva en los municipios de Embu e Isiolo, Kenia. La población objetivo era que todos los maestros que enseñan en las escuelas primarias para los alumnos con discapacidad auditiva en ambas ciudades. Para la selección de las escuelas, el estudio seleccionado al azar 2 directores y ocho profesores asistentes, respectivamente. Las entrevistas se utilizan para obtener datos de los grandes maestros, cuestionarios para los asistentes de enseñanza, y también se utilizó para observar, con el fin de obtener datos sobre la naturaleza general del entorno escolar, locus de esta investigación. Los datos cuantitativos obtenidos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva y se tabulan en tablas de frecuencias, gráficos de barras y gráficos circulares mientras que los datos cualitativos fueron analizados y presentados en forma narrativa. Los resultados del estudio revelaron que todos los encuestados de la muestra fueron capacitados en educación especial, pero sólo el 25% tienen formación en KSL como sujeto. Con base en los hallazgos de la investigación, se recomienda que el TSC debe publicar sólo los profesores con formación en KSL para enseñar KSL a los estudiantes con entre HI y que las universidades deben presentar KSL como una disciplina de enseñanza junto a otras disciplinas como las matemáticas, Inglés y kiswahili. Palabras Clave: Escuela, Aprendizaje, Lenguaje en Escuelas Primarias.

This article is the result of discussions held in the Pedagogy course of GT during the II Forum of Undergraduate the Federal University of Tocantins, with the theme "The new curriculum challenges: the training of teachers in discussion." The text aims to bring to light some reflections on the role of the university in the training of teachers facing new challenges for higher education. The procedure adopted for the purpose of reaching walks the qualitative approach and bibliographic. In the midst of the submitted surveys and questions, we sought to provoke reflections to contribute to discussions about the role of the University in the context of current changes. Thus, it is evident that the role of the University in teacher education in the knowledge society, should be heading to intense transformations, which directs for vigilance as its mission, in this era that requires training increasingly consistent with the new demands from the social context.

The world is experiencing the communication age, and health is among the areas that reap benefits from the insertion of new resources into people's lives. In this context, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) hold a prominent place, being applied to information processing, storage, search and transmission in digital format, providing increased agility and reliability to information exchange(1,2). In the health area, ICTs play a progressively more important role, being present in the areas of clinical, managerial and assistance practices, as well as in support to decision-making on the part of professionals and managers.In this scenario, technology can influence and modify people's way of living and acting, even when these issues are related to the health promotion and care context. The relevance of incorporating technologies into health care is thus reassured(3,4). With regard to vocal health, it implies a re-dimensioning of self-care, once the disorders of the vocal apparatus are part of the universe of professionals who use their voice, with emphasis on the teachers, this being a reality that requires confrontation through political and technological measures that offer resolution for such a recurrent problem as this.A study(5) carried out with 351 female teachers working at municipal elementary schools of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, has shown that more than half of them presented more than six vocal symptoms and that, despite perceiving themselves exposed to more than six vocal risk factors, they had never participated in a vocal health program, which corroborates other Brazilian studies(6,7).It should be emphasized that, in addition to the shortage of educational actions in vocal health, Brazilian public policies and legislation aimed at teachers' health are flawed and restricted(8). Therefore, attention is drawn to the importance of developing communication campaigns addressing health and the technological resources aimed at vocal health, in order to reinforce the need for continuously taking ...

The article presents an analysis of media in education from a gaze that seeks convergence in dialogic relationship between teachers and the media resources. This study objective is to question the knowledge necessary to teacher training with a view to intentional use, conscious and mediator of media in education, considering technology as an effort of human beings in their self-production in addition to the biological resources that are provided, but this effort the technology assumes nuances that are associated with the purpose of its use. Therefore, its use is not neutral, rather, meets the purposes of those who use them, or that it plans to use. The study was guided by the literature among other references, the studies of Pierre Levy (1999, 2011), contributing to generating technophilia and technophobia of Pedro Demo (2009), dialogue as historicizing process and basis for teacher training from Paulo Freire (1991; 1996), the immersion of the changes with the technological acceleration and the need for critical counterpoint technique, proposed by Nicholas Sevcenko (2001), teaching as interactive work from Tardif (2010) among other references. The results show convergences dialogic possibilities in the use of technological resources by teachers.

Witch reflections and learning can we get in an English language internship experience in middle school? Having this question as a starting point, in this article we aim to do a reflexive study of qualitative nature about English teaching and learning mediated by discursive genres and information and communication technologies. From observation reports, we can describe and interpret an internship experience guided by a teaching proposal that links didactic sequence, webquest and technology. The research goes from studies of Gebhard (1999) and Ninin (2010) Bakhtin (1979), Marcuschi (2010), Dolz and Scheneuwly (2004), Dodge (1995) and March (2003). In methodology, the research process involved observation and data collection of 12 classes taught by teachers in early formation at UNIFESSPA, in an 8th year English class at Marabá (PA). Results show that: 1) trainees implemented a distinctive proposal that promoted magazine covers' production and dissemination, also explored mental and linguistic capacities in reading, writing and English linguistic analysis learning, mediated by technologies; 2) the observation task could exceed its initial purpose of data collection, serving as a support to the trainees work and also to the work methodology awareness for the researchers involved in this project and 3) the relevance of this experience focuses on teachers in early formation's literacy, improving and developing genrer studies for educational purposes, integrating it with technology use.

This paper aims to address the prognoses for the processes of inclusion and accessibility for blind students in teaching activities and in educational institutions, both within the classroom, laboratories and other physical facilities of the University both in virtual spaces of main research for the visually impaired. The analysis began from the participant observation and interviews with teachers and technicians of the UFT. It is concluded that the initiatives for the inclusion of blind student cross through the individual and collective spheres and includes new attitudes of the systems and portals developers on the internet.

Este artigo resulta de um exercício de problematização acerca do ensino médio, no contexto contemporâneo, considerando sua massificação e, muitas vezes, a falta de sentido a ela atribuída pelos jovens alunos. Tomamos como referência pesquisas empíricas realizadas a respeito do tema e, também, algumas obras importantes, cujo foco é a crise da autoridade, estendida para o professor e para a escola e a consequente tensão geracional que daí decorre. Num segundo momento, buscamos refletir a respeito dos diferentes sentidos que a escola, como organização social e institucional, vem sofrendo a partir das mudanças sociais, culturais e políticas. Consideramos seu processo de massificação e a falta de sentido que os estudantes jovens, muitas vezes, apresentam como uma das questões que se pode colocar como explicativa da tensão no ambiente escolar. Como resultados, destacamos que, mesmo com a universalização do acesso ao ensino, com a ampliação da oferta compulsória, com o aumento do período de escolarização e, também, com a gradativa perda da autoridade por parte do professor e com as questões geracionais tensionadas na escola, somos levados a pensar que estamos em vias de constituir novos sentidos para a escola e para o ensino médio. Estamos tomando a situação de crise como um ativador de outras e novas configurações escolares, permeadas de valor para professores e jovens alunos. ; This article is the result of an exercise of problematization about secondary education in today's context, considering the massification of this education level and how it is often seen by young students as an education that lacks meaning. We build on empirical research on the subject, as well as on a few important works that focus on the crisis of authority and how it extends onto the school and teachers, with the resulting generational tension. Then, we reflect on the different meanings school has been associated with due to the social, cultural and political changes that have been occurring. We consider school's massification process and students' frequent perception of a lack of meaning in school as one of the questions that can explain the tension in the school environment. With regard to the outcomes of this situation, we point that in spite of the universalization of access to education, the expansion of education offer, the increase in the schooling period, and the progressive loss of authority by teachers combined with tensioned generational issues in school, we find reasons to believe we are at the verge of building new meanings for both school and secondary education. We view this crisis situation as an activator of other, new school configurations pervaded with value for both teachers and young students.

This essay aims at tracing some of the paths taken by the elementary education teacher training programs offered by the State University of Bahia (Brazil). From the 1990s onwards, this university offered tree major programs: the Intensive Graduation Program (UNEB Network, 2000) and the State Teachers Training Program (PROESP), and since 2010, the National Training Plan for Elementary Education Teachers, also named Paulo Freire platform (PARFOR). Analyzing more in deep this last program, the article is an attempt to describe the strategies of resistance enacted by work groups that show how creative outputs may result from the own difficulties and shortcomings. In this line, tensions and incompleteness may be understood as opportunities for transformation and evolution regarding both actor's practices and political decision-making. The text explores the idea that policies were, in a way, forced to change in order to respond to the demands and realities of the populations and institutions involved. ; Este ensaio pretende analisar alguns dos caminhos percorridos pelos programas de formação de professores da educação básica oferecidos pela Universidade do Estado da Bahia, desde os anos de 1990. Abordam-se três grandes programas: o Programa Intensivo de Graduação (Rede UNEB 2000), o Programa de Formação de Professores do Estado (PROESP) e, desde 2010, o Plano Nacional de Formação de Professores da Educação Básica, também designado Plataforma Paulo Freire (PARFOR). Analisando de forma mas aprofundada este último, o artigo constitui uma tentativa de descrever as estratégias de resistência dos grupos de trabalho, face à implementação do programa, evidenciando como as soluções criativas podem emergir a partir da dificuldades e impasses dos processos. Neste sentido, os lugares de tensão e de incompletude podem ser meios de transformação e de evolução, tanto no plano das práticas, como das tomadas de decisão políticas. O texto argumenta, finalmente, que as políticas foram obrigadas, no decurso deste processo, a responder às exigências e realidades das populações e instituições envolvidas.

This essay aims at tracing some of the paths taken by the elementary education teacher training programs offered by the State University of Bahia (Brazil). From the 1990s onwards, this university offered tree major programs: the Intensive Graduation Program (UNEB Network, 2000) and the State Teachers Training Program (PROESP), and since 2010, the National Training Plan for Elementary Education Teachers, also named Paulo Freire platform (PARFOR). Analyzing more in deep this last program, the article is an attempt to describe the strategies of resistance enacted by work groups that show how creative outputs may result from the own difficulties and shortcomings. In this line, tensions and incompleteness may be understood as opportunities for transformation and evolution regarding both actor's practices and political decision-making. The text explores the idea that policies were, in a way, forced to change in order to respond to the demands and realities of the populations and institutions involved. ; Este ensaio pretende analisar alguns dos caminhos percorridos pelos programas de formação de professores da educação básica oferecidos pela Universidade do Estado da Bahia, desde os anos de 1990. Abordam-se três grandes programas: o Programa Intensivo de Graduação (Rede UNEB 2000), o Programa de Formação de Professores do Estado (PROESP) e, desde 2010, o Plano Nacional de Formação de Professores da Educação Básica, também designado Plataforma Paulo Freire (PARFOR). Analisando de forma mas aprofundada este último, o artigo constitui uma tentativa de descrever as estratégias de resistência dos grupos de trabalho, face à implementação do programa, evidenciando como as soluções criativas podem emergir a partir da dificuldades e impasses dos processos. Neste sentido, os lugares de tensão e de incompletude podem ser meios de transformação e de evolução, tanto no plano das práticas, como das tomadas de decisão políticas. O texto argumenta, finalmente, que as políticas foram obrigadas, no decurso deste processo, a responder às exigências e realidades das populações e instituições envolvidas.