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The paper describes globalization processes in European metropolitan areas and especially Polish metropolitan areas. The rank of ametropolitan area depends on the availability of advanced business services and the presence of high-tech industries. The latter are often considered akey indicator of international linkages. It is not possible to assess all factors responsible for acity's rank in the world or even Europe by itself. The paper attempts to create acomprehensive hierarchy of European cities. The European Union is clearly divided into the old 15 EU states and the more recent member states. However, the social and economic distance between the two groups of European states is constantly decreasing in favor of the new member states. ; W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono rozwój procesów globalizacji zachodzących wmetropoliach europejskich ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ośrodków polskich. O pozycji metropolii whierarchii decyduje przede wszystkim rozwój nowoczesnych usług oraz obecność gałęzi przemysłu związanych z wysokimi technologiami, które są najczęściej brane pod uwagę przez autorów badających powiązania międzynarodowe. Nie ma możliwości technicznych, aby wjednym opracowaniu zawrzeć wszystkie czynniki mogące mieć wpływ na pozycję miasta zarówno na arenie światowej, jak ieuropejskiej, dlatego też podjęto próbę stworzenia syntetycznej ogólnej hierarchii miast europejskich. W Europie zachodzi dosyć wyraźny podział pomiędzy krajami UE 15 anowo przyjętymi wXXI w., jednak dystans pomiędzy nimi systematycznie się zmniejsza na korzyść metropolii usytuowanych wEuropie Środkowo-Wschodniej.

The name of special services is applied to the civil and military services that orga-nize and conduct intelligence and counterintelligence activities. Their operations are an element generating social and political trust between the political authorities and citizens. Given the current conditions of international relations and the international situation, a state is required to have efficient special services at its disposal. A negative impact of globalization on state functioning, both in its external and in-ternal dimensions, forces Polish special services to strengthen their fundamental func-tion, that is providing information. The weakness of military intelligence and counterintelligence follows from the dissolution in 2000 of the Military Intelligence Services (WSI), and wasting their potential for political reasons. The role and task of special services in a democratic state should be to protect the liberty and democracy of the political system's principles, as set out in the Constitution, instead of protecting particular interests. The nature of the transformations occurring in security circles in Poland and related globalization processes, as well as civilizational, cultural and tech-nological changes and the emergence of a civil society, demand a different attitude to the special services to be taken both by the public authorities and society, and make changes in their functioning necessary. This also calls for the need for a theoretical in-terpretation of the operations of modern Polish special services in a democratic state of law.