International audience ; Ce chapitre analyse le projet initial de l'ASEAN Economic Community, la méthode adoptée par l'Asean pour le mener à bien, les mesures annoncées et les réalisations concrètes. Il cherche à expliquer les raisons de la grande difficulté, voire de l'incapacité totale à mettre en pratique des mesures pourtant officiellement adoptées. Cela conduit à renouveler les interrogations sur ce qu'est réellement l'Asean et sur la capacité de l'Asie du Sud-Est à se constituer en « région », c'est-à-dire une entité autonome ayant une réelle substance. Nous voulons dire par là des échanges et des projets économiques, politiques et culturels intenses et privilégiés, forgeant un intérêt et donc un avenir commun. Nous défendons l'idée que les faiblesses intrinsèques de l'Asean et la force d'attraction des grandes puissances régionales (Chine, Japon, États-Unis) la condamnent à rester un lieu où les Etats membres collaborent ponctuellement selon leurs intérêts propres. Cette organisation conduit à une intégration limitée des pays d'Asie du Sud-Est entre eux, mais forte avec les puissances régionales qui soutiennent chacune des projets d'intégration plus larges et concurrents pour étendre leur zone d'influence.
This thesis analyses the process of territorial qualification of agro-food products, by studying the role of geographical indications (GI) in this process, in Indonesia and Vietnam. We interrogate the objectives and the economic conditions of the development of GIs, by combining the economics of quality and territories. Three types of conditions are questioned, through the analysis of (1) the specificity of products, (2) the territorial coordinations and the organization of local actors, and (3) the State's role. The comparison of the Indonesian and Vietnamese GI systems, confronted with the economic model of GIs, highlights the important role of the States, which goes beyond the legal protection of GIs and gather several functions (selection of products, funding, expertise, monitoring after registration). The parallel analysis of six local GI experiences demonstrates , first, that GIs are be registered at various stages of the ongoing process of territorial qualification (advanced, intermediate or recent) and that the moment of the GI establishment conditions the construction of the local institutional device. Secondly, our field research underlines the importance of the economic context of supply - chains and the influence of local sociopolitical configurations during the emergence of GIs, questioning the capacity of these local institutional devices to balance the power between stakeholders. The study of the various roles of central States and local governments in the emerging GI dynamics opens perspectives of analysis of the interactions between GIs, public intervention, decentralization and opportunities for local organization and collective action. The evolution of the institutionalization process of the link to origin through GIs in both countries appears contingent upon several elements, including a larger participation of producers to the local GI dynamics, an active role of the local agricultural services and a broad engagement of buyers. ; Cette thèse porte sur les processus de qualification territoriale des produits agroalimentaires, en analysant le rôle que jouent les indications géographiques (IG) dans ces processus, en Indonésie et au Vietnam. Nous interrogeons les objectifs et les conditions économiques du développement des IG, en articulant économie de la qualité et des territoires. Trois pôles de conditions économiques sont mis à l'épreuve, par l'analyse (1) de la spécificité des produits, (2) des coordinations territoriales et de l'organisation locale des acteurs, et (3) du rôle de l'État. La mise en regard des systèmes d'IG indonésien et vietnamien, confrontée au modèle économique des IG, souligne le rôle important joué par les États, qui dépasse la seule dimension juridique de protection des IG pour englober un ensemble de fonctions (sélection des produits, financement des IG, expertise, suivi post-enregistrement). La lecture croisée de six expériences locales d'IG démontre, d'une part, que l'enregistrement des IG peut être effectué à différents stades du processus de qualification territoriale en cours (avancé, intermédiaire ou récent) et que le moment d'apparition de l'IG conditionne la construction du dispositif institutionnel local. D'autre part, notre enquête de terrain souligne l'importance du contexte économique des filières et l'influence des configurations sociopolitiques locales dans la phase d'émergence des IG, questionnant ainsi la capacité de ces dispositifs institutionnels locaux à équilibrer les rapports de pouvoir entre acteurs. L'analyse des rôles multiples des États centraux et locaux dans les dynamiques émergentes d'IG ouvre des pistes de réflexion quant aux liens entre IG, action publique, décentralisation et marges de manoeuvre pour l'organisation et l'action collective locale. La poursuite de processus d'institutionnalisation du lien à l'origine à travers les IG dans ces deux pays apparaît conditionnée par plusieurs éléments, notamment une participation élargie des producteurs aux dynamiques locales d'IG, le rôle actif des services agricoles provinciaux et l'adhésion plus étendue des acheteurs.
International audience ; Ce chapitre analyse le projet initial de l'ASEAN Economic Community, la méthode adoptée par l'Asean pour le mener à bien, les mesures annoncées et les réalisations concrètes. Il cherche à expliquer les raisons de la grande difficulté, voire de l'incapacité totale à mettre en pratique des mesures pourtant officiellement adoptées. Cela conduit à renouveler les interrogations sur ce qu'est réellement l'Asean et sur la capacité de l'Asie du Sud-Est à se constituer en « région », c'est-à-dire une entité autonome ayant une réelle substance. Nous voulons dire par là des échanges et des projets économiques, politiques et culturels intenses et privilégiés, forgeant un intérêt et donc un avenir commun. Nous défendons l'idée que les faiblesses intrinsèques de l'Asean et la force d'attraction des grandes puissances régionales (Chine, Japon, États-Unis) la condamnent à rester un lieu où les Etats membres collaborent ponctuellement selon leurs intérêts propres. Cette organisation conduit à une intégration limitée des pays d'Asie du Sud-Est entre eux, mais forte avec les puissances régionales qui soutiennent chacune des projets d'intégration plus larges et concurrents pour étendre leur zone d'influence.
Cities located in regions prone to natural hazards such as flooding are not uniformly exposed to risks because of sub-city local characteristics (e.g. topography). Spatial heterogeneity thus raises the issue of how these cities have spread and should continue to develop. The current paper investigates these questions by using an urban model in which each location is characterized by a transport cost to the city center and a risk exposure. Riskier areas are developed nearer to the city center than further away. Investment in building resilience leads to more compact cities. At a given distance to the city center, riskier areas have lower land prices and get lower household density and higher building resilience. Actuarially fair insurance generates optimal density and resilience. An increase of insurance subsidization leads to an increase of density in the riskiest areas and a general decrease of resilience. In this case density restrictions and building codes have to be enforced to limit risk over-exposure.
In the first part of this paper, we propose a contextual approach to the subject. In Indonesia, politics, business and ethnicity have often mingled and hampered the growth of an indigenous business class. However, we suggest that in the past decade, things have been evolving. In the second part, we describe through interviews a rising interest in entrepreneurship. The third part illustrates what we consider a notable development in enterprise growth, i.e. the rise of mediators facilitated by media as well as business networking forums and associations. The fourth and final part describes in detail three case studies of recently created SMEs, the founders of which are participants in the previously mentioned networking forums, associations and educational institutions.
This paper tests for heterogeneous effects of cognitive skills on economic growth across countries. Using a new extended dataset on cognitive skills and controlling for potential endogeneity, we find that the magnitude of the effect is about 60 per cent higher for low-income countries compared to high-income countries, and it more than doubles when low TFP countries are compared to high TFP countries. There are also marked differences across geographic regions. Using data on the share of the population with advanced and minimum skill levels, our results also indicate that high-income countries should focus on increasing the number of high skilled human capital, while countries from Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit more by investing in the development of basic skills. ; Les Documents de Travail de l'IREDU, n°2016-1
Cities located in regions prone to natural hazards such as flooding are not uniformly exposed to risks because of sub-city local characteristics (e.g. topography). Spatial heterogeneity thus raises the issue of how these cities have spread and should continue to develop. The current paper investigates these questions by using an urban model in which each location is characterized by a transport cost to the city center and a risk exposure. Riskier areas are developed nearer to the city center than further away. Investment in building resilience leads to more compact cities. At a given distance to the city center, riskier areas have lower land prices and get lower household density and higher building resilience. Actuarially fair insurance generates optimal density and resilience. An increase of insurance subsidization leads to an increase of density in the riskiest areas and a general decrease of resilience. In this case density restrictions and building codes have to be enforced to limit risk over-exposure.
In the context of achieving the new Sustainable Development Goals, revenue mobilization is a high priority in developing countries and in Sub-Saharan Africa, where governments' ability to tax remains limited. Using a unique revenue dataset spanning the period 1980-2010, we analyze three important tax reforms: the Large Taxpayers Unit (LTU), the Value Added Tax (VAT), and the Semi-Autonomous Revenue Agency (SARA). We propose an ex-post impact assessment of these tax reforms in SSA countries based on propensity-score matching methodology (PSM) and synthetic control method (SCM). VAT and SARA are found to have an unambiguously large and positive effect on non-resource taxes, while the impact of LTU is insignificant—LTU seems however an important precondition for the adoption of the first two reforms. We conclude also that VAT and SARA display some synergy, and their positive effects strengthen several years after their adoption.
The challenges of the 21st century are daunting: global economic growth per person led by emerging economies and a population that topped 7.3 billion in 2015 put great stress on Earth's ecosystems, even as the agenda of the Millennium Development Goals remains unfinished. So, the Sustainable Development Goals aim for change at the level of the planet, a veritable seismic shift. The revolution in information and communication technology (ICT) provides the most powerful tool yet. Properly deployed, directed, and extended, ICT can be a tool for common good and accelerate action on the global goals.
The challenges of the 21st century are daunting: global economic growth per person led by emerging economies and a population that topped 7.3 billion in 2015 put great stress on Earth's ecosystems, even as the agenda of the Millennium Development Goals remains unfinished. So, the Sustainable Development Goals aim for change at the level of the planet, a veritable seismic shift. The revolution in information and communication technology (ICT) provides the most powerful tool yet. Properly deployed, directed, and extended, ICT can be a tool for common good and accelerate action on the global goals.
The challenges of the 21st century are daunting: global economic growth per person led by emerging economies and a population that topped 7.3 billion in 2015 put great stress on Earth's ecosystems, even as the agenda of the Millennium Development Goals remains unfinished. So, the Sustainable Development Goals aim for change at the level of the planet, a veritable seismic shift. The revolution in information and communication technology (ICT) provides the most powerful tool yet. Properly deployed, directed, and extended, ICT can be a tool for common good and accelerate action on the global goals.
Etudes & documents ; In this paper we empirically discuss whether or not external debt affects country's governance. Indeed, indebted countries need some political governance reforms in order to send out a positive signal to international financial community and investors; and so improving business climate. However, external debt reduces their flexibility and ability to address associated costs to political governance. Our study focuses on the period 1985-2011 and spans 103 developing countries. To deal with endogeneity issue, we first lag external debt by one year and second propose two-step tobit estimator by instrumenting external debt-to-GDP ratio with real effective exchange rate. Even controlling for various conventional determinants of democratic transitions, we find that external debt constraints indebted countries to move up democracy scale but incite governments to improve investment profile and therefore improving business climate. Furthermore, Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative and International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs dampen the negative effect of debt on democratic transitions.
Etudes & documents ; In this paper we empirically discuss whether or not external debt affects country's governance. Indeed, indebted countries need some political governance reforms in order to send out a positive signal to international financial community and investors; and so improving business climate. However, external debt reduces their flexibility and ability to address associated costs to political governance. Our study focuses on the period 1985-2011 and spans 103 developing countries. To deal with endogeneity issue, we first lag external debt by one year and second propose two-step tobit estimator by instrumenting external debt-to-GDP ratio with real effective exchange rate. Even controlling for various conventional determinants of democratic transitions, we find that external debt constraints indebted countries to move up democracy scale but incite governments to improve investment profile and therefore improving business climate. Furthermore, Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative and International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs dampen the negative effect of debt on democratic transitions.
This paper aims at establishing the link between economic performance, financial depth and financial stability in the European Union from 1998 to 2011. We use the standard framework - both in terms of variables and econometric method - of Beck and Levine (2004) to estimate these relationships. Our results suggest that the traditional result that financial depth positively influences economic performance (or components of aggregate dynamics like consumption, investment or disposable income) is not confirmed for European countries. Furthermore, we use different measures of financial instability (institutional index, microeconomic indicators, and our own statistical index derived from a Principal Component Analysis) and find that financial instability has a negative effect on economic growth.
International audience ; This article addresses the issue linking economical and territorial dynamics in the emergence of the electric vehicle (EV). It analyses the case of California from a mission on the EV sector and from further research embracing territorial and industrial economics. In that sense, emerging EV sector dynamics are analyzed over long period and in the light of the role of local governments, especially in the organization of proximities effectively combined in California. The main results are that California is the crucible of an EV sector whose emergence reflects both its force, as its physiognomy. This vigour is captured through a demographic analysis of EV producers in the United States. Furthermore, we show that the emergence of this industry is characterized by a market with opportunities enlarged by crossing traditional sectoral boundaries of energy, transport and telecommunications. ; L'article traite du rapport entre " territoire " et " bien système " en étudiant l'émergence du Véhicule Électrique (VE) sous l'angle des dynamiques économique et territoriale. Il analyse ce cas à partir d'une mission d'étude de la filière du VE effectuée en Californie et de travaux de recherche complémentaires empruntant à l'économie territoriale et industrielle. Les dynamiques d'émergence sont analysées sur longue période et à l'aune du rôle des pouvoirs publics, en particulier dans l'organisation de proximités se combinant effectivement en Californie. Par le biais d'une analyse démographique des firmes, nous montrons que la Californie est le creuset d'une industrie du VE dont l'émergence dénote par sa vigueur et ses propriétés. Nous montrons également que l'émergence de cette industrie se singularise par un marché aux perspectives élargies par le franchissement des frontières sectorielles traditionnelles des industries de réseaux que sont celles de l'énergie, des transports et des télécommunications.
