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As the invention of fundamental new sciences spawns subsequent research, discovery, and commercialization, core technologies branch into new applications and markets. Some of them evolve over time into many derived technologies, whereas others are essentially "dead ends." The pattern of evolution and branching is called a "technological trajectory." An intriguing question is whether some firms can ride the trajectory by developing proprietary experience in a "platform technology." Because the knowledge is proprietary, firms that originate in industrial fields based on a platform technology acquire the technological skills to diversify and to mimic the branching of the underlying technological trajectory. The ability to compete in hypercompetitive markets depends on the acquisition of know-how that is applicable to a wide set of market opportunities. Such capabilities serve as platforms into quickly evolving markets. To respond rapidly to market changes, a firm must have already acquired fundamental competitive knowledge. In a high-technology industry, such knowledge invariably is derived from experience with the underlying science and related technological fields. The authors examine capabilities as platforms by analyzing the temporal sequence of diversification as contingent on market opportunities and previous experience. The pattern of diversification of firms reflects the evolutionary branching of underlying technologies. In that sense, the aggregate decisions of firms are driven by the technological trajectories common across an industrial sector. Certain technologies have wider technological and market opportunities, and consequently experience in those technologies serves as a platform for expansion. The authors propose that a firm's experience in platform technologies increases the likelihood of diversification when environmental opportunities are favorable. The proposition is tested with the sample of 176 semiconductor startup companies founded between 1977 and 1989. Evidence from multidimensional scaling of expert opinion and from an analysis of patent records was gathered to identity relatedness among subfields and the evolutionary direction of the technologies. A discrete hazard model is specified to estimate the effect of technological histories on subsequent diversification. The results confirm the relationship between relatedness and directionality of technologies and the industrial path of diversification. The finding that diversification depends on technological experience and market opportunity has important implications for firms' entry decisions. The authors discuss those implications by describing experience as generating options on future opportunities and distinguishing between the historical path by which the stock of knowledge is accumulated and the path by which new knowledge is generated and commercialized.

The rapid development of complex digitalization processes, the formation and development of digital platforms is significantly ahead of the possibilities of their full-fledged, comprehensive, interdisciplinary understanding, both in theoretical and methodological, and organizational, managerial, and methodological aspects. The author of the article implements the target setting to fill the existing gaps in the study of platform-network interaction of agents of digital innovative technological platforms with an emphasis on its possible measurements and assessment. There is a certain difficulty in solving this popular problem, given the predominance of a formal-organizational approach in the corresponding evaluation system (moreover, for certain types of platforms). We have carried out a certain localization of the subject of study — the measurement of key parameters of platform-network interaction in the institutional aspect. A conceptual and institutional model for measuring the key qualitative parameters of the effective functioning of digital innovative technological platforms is proposed based on the synthesis of the provisions of the institutional theory and the theory of complex systems management, as well as the development and use of a system of organizational and economic criteria. Within the framework of the proposed conceptual and institutional model, an organizational and managerial development of measuring key parameters (organizational, informational, intellectual-technological, socio-economic) was carried out on the basis of tools: theoretical (information-network theory) and practical (the demanded model "structure-behavior-result", in the author's interpretation). The system-forming factor of ensuring the fine tuning of a complex, often contradictory, multi-agent process of the effective functioning of innovative technological platforms is singled out. This is an intellectual and competence factor represented by highly qualified developers, managers, and experts with specialized interdisciplinary training. These author's developments can find practical application as theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring the productivity of business strategies and business models of Russian high-tech innovative companies — agents of digital platforms, including international ones. The developments are designed to reduce the level of uncertainty and risks that impede, as evidenced by foreign experience, the effective functioning of platforms and often lead to their destruction.

Digital technological platforms that facilitate the provision of many services are a relatively new development in the economy, especially in the labour market. As they are becoming increasingly prevalent, the characteristics of this business model are gradually revealed. The model creates many novel ways to make goods available and generate income, but it also translates into a new quality of work. In the discussion of the labour market segment operating based on technological platforms, the world literature tends to employ the concepts of the gig economy and cybertariat, which are unequivocally negative in their connotations. The paper discusses the relationship between technological innovations and work. It aims to determine the characteristics of work carried out through digital technological platforms in the cross-section of the major dimensions of quality work. The paper presents the verification of the research hypothesis assuming that the business model adopted by digital technological platforms threatens the standards of quality work. The analysis uses the methodology designed by the author and employs the criteria developed by the European Anti-Poverty Network, constituting the quintessence of the contemporary approach to the issue in the European Union. Its main conclusion is that the gig economy segment is highly heterogeneous, which makes it difficult to assess and discuss the problems arising in this segment and their solutions. In consequence, it requires a clarification through adequate classifications and identification of problem groups. However, the research results reveal that a significant part of the gig economy generates very low quality work. ; Cyfrowe platformy technologiczne pośredniczące w świadczeniu wielu usług są relatywnie nowym zjawiskiem w gospodarce, szczególnie na rynku pracy. Wraz z poszerzaniem się zakresu ich wykorzystania, stopniowo ujawniają się właściwości tego modelu biznesowego. Tworzy on wiele nieznanych wcześniej możliwości dostępu do dóbr i osiągania dochodów, ale kształtuje też nową jakość pracy. W opisach segmentu rynku pracy rozwijającego się w oparciu o platformy technologiczne w światowej literaturze przedmiotu coraz częściej pojawiają się pojęcia gospodarki fuch (gig economy) i cybertariatu, czyli kategorie o zdecydowanie negatywnym wydźwięku. Artykuł odnosi się do relacji pomiędzy innowacjami technologicznymi a światem pracy. Jego celem jest diagnoza cech pracy realizowanej za pośrednictwem cyfrowych platform technologicznych w przekroju głównych wymiarów jakości pracy. W artykule, przy wykorzystaniu autorskiej metody, poddano weryfikacji hipotezę badawczą stanowiącą, że model biznesowy realizowany przez cyfrowe platformy technologiczne zagraża standardom jakości pracy. Do analizy jakości pracy zastosowano kryteria wypracowane przez European Anti-Poverty Network, stanowiące kwintesencję współczesnego podejścia do tego problemu w Unii Europejskiej. Badanie prowadzi do wniosku, że segment gig economy jest dalece niejednorodny, co utrudnia ocenę i dyskusję nad rodzącymi się problemami i ich rozwiązaniami. Wymaga zatem doprecyzowania za pomocą odpowiednich klasyfikacji i wyodrębnienia grup problemowych. Wyniki badań wskazują jednak na to, że znaczna część gig economy generuje pracę bardzo niskiej jakości. ; This research was funded by the University of Economics in Katowice, Department of Economics statutory sources.

The systems that support digital businesses require transformation to maximize the economic value of network connections. It forces a shift to platforms and ecosystems collaborative by nature, by applying business models with multiple actors playing multiple roles. The proposed multidimensional framework involves the use of a multi‐methodology approach that incorporates synergy of business and technological innovations and management. This research concerns a multidimensional approach to digital platform enterprise development that provides support for executives to examine the interrelationships across platform business model portfolio on regular basis. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aim of the article is to consider the aspects of introducing electronic democracy as a technological platform for government electoral process management in Russian Federation. Throughout the process of this study, author concludes that under modern conditions it is necessary to develop electronic government and electronic democracy. Electronic technology ensures legitimacy of government power with the help of democratic institutions' development. On the basis of the research, the author offers a mechanism to integrate people and public movement in order to achieve political targets, as well as to make the work of government management more transparent and open. ; peer-reviewed

The scourge of GBV has been a prevalent one on the continent, with South Africa being one of the countries with the highest cases of this scourge in the region (Matzopoulos et. al, 2019). Despite the various platforms that have been used by the government, private organisations and human rights activists to condemn this detrimental act; gender-based violence cases in South Africa still surges in an alarming rate (Oparinde & Matsha, 2021; Baloyi, 2021). There is a huge number of cases that are not reported by victims (Enaifoghe, Dlelana, Abosede & Dlamini, 2021) and this can be due to various reasons namely: § Fear of repercussions and ostracization by family members § Lack of awareness on where to obtain support § Lack of economic opportunities § Lack of trust in the justice system

Recent research has adopted the network analytic approach to examine issues of audience fragmentation and selective exposure. This article extends this line of study by analyzing how newspapers' political stance, market position, and technological platform predict readership overlap. Analyzing readership survey data in Hong Kong, the results show that market position—in terms of elite versus mass orientation and language of the newspapers—consistently predicts readership overlap. In comparison, political distance between two newspapers predicts readership overlap mainly when online readership is concerned. Different from the United States, predictors of readership overlap do not vary for news consumers of different partisanship.

Abstract: All large armies (EU and/or NATO) have pharmaceutical production facilities to provide the necessary antidotes for the troops and the population: The French Army Medical Directorate produces many military-specific pharmaceutical products in its own laboratory, the Turkish Army owns its own medicines factory, including CBRN antidotes, the US Army, in addition to a sustained drug purchase program in the pharmaceutical industry has launched a new concept: Pharmacy on demand. Providing the armed forces with antidotes is a necessity, the concept for their endowement in this sense can be based on imports (sometimes impossible to achieve) or on the national development of a specialized production structure. The design or construction of a specific production capacity for antidotes can be accomplished on multiple variants, with a complexity proportional to the identified need. The total costs are high, but the objective and implementation of effective antidote supply mechanisms is a security guarantee for the armed forces and the civilian population (through commercialization to allied forces), given the risks of terrorist threats and hybrid warfare. Keywords: medical protection, antidote, production, technological platform, medical countermeasures, pharmaceutical technique, orphan drug production