Suchergebnisse

The present paper examines library stocks of Bektashi tekkes from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The focus is mainly on hitherto unknown book lists of nine tekkes from Albania during the late 1920s. The library stock of the tekkes gives an insight into the intellectual heritage and circulated book-based knowledge of the Bektashi order. The analysis of different tekke libraries provides general assumptions concerning translocal overlaps. Simultaneously, the study reveals local characteristics and differences of particular tekkes. By comparing the aforementioned book lists with others of Bektashi institutions from different regions and periods, we can infer continuities and discontinuities in the transmission of written knowledge. Furthermore, the book stocks exemplify the religious negotiation within the officially forbidden order since 1826 between conformity with the predominant Islamic discourse and nonconformism.

Throughout the Ottoman period, dervishes and their convents have played an important part in both towns and countryside. Yet they have not received the attention that their importance merits, and the religious aspect of their activities has attracted more interest than the social. In the latter area, one of the pioneer works has been ömer Lutfi Barkan's study of the role of dervishes and their convents in the settlement of Anatolia and Rumelia, and the presen, t article was inspired by it. Barkan's emphasis was on how these convents, usually called tekkes and zaviyes, served as the nuclei around which future villages formed. It was pointed out how the dervishes guarded passes and caravan routes, introduced new crops and propagated more highly specialized agriculture.

Owners of swallow's nest in Basala District, South Konawe Regency give zakat of tekke wale' (swallow's nest) using gold zakat rate. This implies deviation from Islamic law and striking difference from the provisions of zakat law formulated by most Muslim scholars. This research aims to reveal the business phenomenon and practice of tekke wale' zakat spending, the factors beyond preference to use zakat with gold rate as well as culture-based deviations on Islamic law regarding this specific practice of zakat. This research is qualitative with an empirical-normative approach which includes interviews with swallow nest owners, community leaders, and religious leaders. Besides, it involves literature review to gather the data. The research shows that swallow nest business is a relatively new livelihood for local people so they have no definite guidance on how to spend the zakat. Their preference using gold zakat rate are due to five factors, ranging from lack of knowledge, assumption that swallow's nest is not a part of agricultural business, easy calculation in giving zakat using gold rate, following the previous swallow's nest owners, to easiness to determine the zakat recipients and spending period. Meanwhile, three forms of deviation from Islamic law existing at the practice urges the specific legal product concerning this specific commodity.

This book first and foremost looks into experiences of Greenlanders in Denmark, and in addition offers a Canadian comparative perspective. It presents my representation of Greenlanders in Denmark/Inuit in southern Canada. It is heavily based on interviews with Inuit, but presented in this publication through my eyes. This book uses discussions on Arctic urbanization, migration and perceptions to comprehend experiences of Greenlanders in Denmark and places these experiences into a broader context by referring to experiences in Canada as well

This book first and foremost looks into experiences of Greenlanders in Denmark, and in addition offers a Canadian comparative perspective. It presents my representation of Greenlanders in Denmark/Inuit in southern Canada. It is heavily based on interviews with Inuit, but presented in this publication through my eyes. This book uses discussions on Arctic urbanization, migration and perceptions to comprehend experiences of Greenlanders in Denmark and places these experiences into a broader context by referring to experiences in Canada as well

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kitle iletişim araçları ile sosyal medyada üretilen ve akışa dahil edilen bilgileri dijital etik ve siber güvenlik stratejileri bağlamında analiz etmektir. Dijital etik ilkeleri, bireylerin yaşam mahremiyetini göz önünde bulunduran normları kapsamaktadır. Siber uzay, bilgisayar ve bilgisayar ağlarına ilişkin bir kavram olmanın yanı sıra insan eliyle üretilen faaliyetler bütününü de içerdiği için, siber uzayda manipülasyon teknikleri önemli bir siber tehdit olarak kullanıcıların karşısına çıkmaktadır. Siber tehditlerle mücadele etmek için ise dijital etik kurallarının geliştirilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Dijital etik kurallarının ihlal edilmesi sonucunda yanlış ve yalan bilginin oluşmasıyla birlikte bireylerin yanlış bilgilendirilmesi söz konusu olmaktadır. Çalışmada, öncelikle bireyleri "aynı olma" paydasında buluşturma amacı güden sosyal medya, Adorno ve Horkheimer'ın kültür endüstrisi kavramı kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, manipülatif nitelik taşıyan içerikler, dijital etik ilkeleri bağlamında analiz edilmiştir. Daha sonra, genelde siber uzayda karşılaşılan sosyal medya tehditleri ve özelde ise bilgi manipülasyonu devletlerin uyguladığı siber güvenlik stratejileri bağlamında karşılaştırılmıştır. Netice olarak, bilginin dijital etik ilkelerinden uzaklaştıkça manipülatif niteliğinin arttığı görülmüştür. Bu nedenle siber uzayın tüm aktörlerinin siber etik kurallarının geliştirilmesi ve uygulanabilmesi için etkin olmaları gerektiği tespit edilmiştir.

The West African Sahel is a harsh environment stressed by a fast-growing population and increasing pressure on the scarce natural resources. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood of the majority of the people living in the area. Increases in temperature and/or modifications in rainfall quantities and distribution will substantially impact on the natural resource on which agriculture depends. The vulnerability of livelihoods based on agriculture is increased and most likely exacerbate and accelerate the current 'downward spiral' of underdevelopment, poverty and environmental degradation. Notably, droughts, a short rainy season and/or very low rainfall will be felt by current systems. To cope with the difficult climatic situation, farm households have developed a range of strategies including selling of animals and on-farm diversification or specialization. At regional level, early warning systems including an operational agro-meteorological information system already provide farmers with crucial information. Substantial political, institutional and financial efforts at national and international level are indispensable for the sustenance of millions of lives. In terms of development, priority needs to be given to adaptation and implementation of comprehensive programs on water management and irrigation, desertification control, development of alternative sources of energy and the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices by farmers.