Suchergebnisse

This project, originally developed for the European Community, examines parental roles in controlling television programs watched by children in Europe. The structure of the study includes: *an analysis of the technical devices available to assist in parental control of television broadcasting services, including descriptions of devices, their cost, availability, and the infrastructure needed to introduce them; *a corresponding analysis of potential ratings or labeling systems to work in conjunction with or in the place of technical devices, enabling a comparative analysis of rating systems

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has opened up new and robust ways of sending and receiving information at global level. Any type of information including voice and video is sent to the diverse publics, who equally have variety of choices. Thus, the development of any nation is tied to efficient information dissemination. In Nigeria, television broadcasting started in 1959 with the establishment of the Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) by the opposition leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Later on, the government took over the station and fully controlled it. Subsequently, regional stations were opened to propagate government policies and programs. The television industry in Nigeria continued to grow in terms of viewership and number with over fifty national television stations and twenty five private ones. Thus, existing documents on digitization of television broadcasting industry and related literature were used as the main source of information. Therefore, this paper analyses the efforts being made by the Nigerian government through its ICT policy towards digitization of its television broadcasting in order to cope with the global trend. Recommendations are proffered with a view to achieving the target goal.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has opened up new and robust ways of sending and receiving information at global level. Any type of information including voice and video is sent to the diverse publics, who equally have variety of choices. Thus, the development of any nation is tied to efficient information dissemination. In Nigeria, television broadcasting started in 1959 with the establishment of the Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) by the opposition leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Later on, the government took over the station and fully controlled it. Subsequently, regional stations were opened to propagate government policies and programs. The television industry in Nigeria continued to grow in terms of viewership and number with over fifty national television stations and twenty five private ones. Thus, existing documents on digitization of television broadcasting industry and related literature were used as the main source of information. Therefore, this paper analyses the efforts being made by the Nigerian government through its ICT policy towards digitization of its television broadcasting in order to cope with the global trend. Recommendations are proffered with a view to achieving the target goal.

This article aims to describe a model of a robust adaptive system which suits the context of situation in Indonesian as an archipelago, as well as developing and democratic values-based country. It mainly focuses on how the autopoetic mechanism in Indonesian television broadcasting system is. Autopoetic mechanism is self-reference orientation. The process in which the system orient to reduce their problem by building the internal structure to cope with it. The research process was done in 2014 until 2016. Methods applied in this research is qualitative research. Several methods that were employed are observation, in-depth interview, and focus group discussion. It would be measured and analysed with three aspects: communication, temporal and differentiation aspect. The findings suggest that building a robust system means establishing a "strong and adaptive" broadcasting system in Indonesia that strengthens each sub-system in the Indonesian broadcasting system in order to capture what the public demands. In this level it takes a comprehensive view of the decision-makers to design a broadcasting system that continues to answer the demanding environment through its communication function, growing temporal through continuous evolution and develop functions through a process of differentiation. If these three functions can work continuously, Indonesian broadcasting system will be stronger and more adaptive with their complex external environment. The main argument of this paper is Indonesian Broadcasting System faces a very complex environment television, however their adaptive and autopoetic mechanism is still weak to cope with the challenges.

"Big countries and major markets are often proposed as models for TV broadcasting everywhere. This is evident in the development of European media policies and strategic renewal. It is taken for granted that such offer suitable and desirable models for smaller countries. This book questions that assumption on the basis of empirical research. Does a media market in a country with a few million people and far less GDP have the same opportunities as countries with many times the population or wealth? Does the same logic apply in all cases? The need for clarification is urgent given contemporary trends in ex ante regulation, and aggressive media lobbying that rests on an untested belief that one-size-fits-all. The research and analyses presented in this book confronts the presumption, concluding that in crucial respects one-size policies do not fit all countries anymore than one-size strategies fit all companies. There are important differences in size-related factors that establish limits in how TV broadcasting can be organised and operated. The book will reward close attention by policymakers and strategic managers alike, and makes a timely contribution to scholarship on the topic."--Publisher description

Die Entwicklung des nigerianischen Fernsehsystems wird seit den Anfängen in der Kolonialzeit und in Abhängigkeit von den politischen Bedingungen geschildert. Dabei erfolgt eine Einteilung in sechs Perioden (1959-1965; 1966-1976; 1977-1979; 1979-1983; 1984-1985 und 1985-1992). Neben der Einordnung in die jeweiligen innen- und wirtschaftspolitischen Verhältnisse (z.B. Umsetzung der Strukturanpassungspolitik und Privatisierung) werden der Stand in den einzelnen Regionen, die Programmplanung, Finanzierung usw. angesprochen. Abschließend wird auf die Einführung von Satellitenfernsehen und die Nutzung des Fernsehens als Entwicklungsinstrument eingegangen. (DÜI-Wgm)

In October 1989, the foreign ministers of the European Community (EC or Community) approved a Directive governing the "pursuit" of trans-European television broadcasting beginning in 1992. Controversial article 4 of the Directive requires Member States to devote a majority of their television air time to European-produced programs. Although the Community Council maintains that the quota is merely "a political commitment" intended to preserve Europe's cultural heritage, the United States challenges the legality of the quota as economic protectionism under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and section 301 of the United States Trade Act, as amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (section 301). This Note examines the dispute between the United States and the EC concerning the implementation of the Directive's majority quota on non-Community television programming. First, discussion focuses on the implementation of the Directive against the backdrop of the expanding United States presence in the European television market. This note then sets forth the United States challenge to the adoption of the Directive. Next, the possibilities for successful United States challenge to the Directive under the GATT or section 301 are analyzed. This analysis evaluates the applicability of GATT principles to television broadcasting and discusses recent attempts to adopt a far reaching General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) governed by GATT principles. In examining the applicability of section 301 to this dispute, the author assesses past United States responses under section 301. In conclusion, although the Directive raises legitimate concerns of the extent to which the EC will use quotas to achieve Community goals after 1992, the United States strong response to the Directive lacks credibility given past United States practice. Further, the Directive's economic impact on United States suppliers of television programs is lessened by the increasing need for programming hours to fill the ...

Abstract
This paper uses a simple model of duopoly competition to study the market provision of program quality offered by television broadcasters under three different regimes. In regime 1, two broadcasters are financed only with subscription fees (i.e., fee-based or pay TV). In regime 2, the two broadcasters generate their revenues only from advertising (i.e., free TV). In regime 3, one pay TV broadcaster competes with one free TV broadcaster. We show that the broadcasters in regime 3 (but not in regimes 1 and 2) vertically differentiate their channel programs if, for a given level of advertising market profitability, viewers strongly or weakly dislike the presence of advertising. In such cases, although the two pay TV broadcasters in regime 1 will unambiguously offer higher or lower quality programming than the two free TV broadcasters under regime 2, it is not clear which broadcaster will provide higher or lower program quality in regime 3 because this depends on the degree of horizontal differentiation between the channel programs. However, the levels of quality offered under regimes 1 and 2 fall between the quality levels offered by the two broadcasters in regime 3.