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PurposeTo study some of the difficulties involved in defining the nature of social enterprises and the environments in which they operate in order to provide a framework to show how and where social enterprises fit in the overall social economy.Design/methodology/approachThe complexity of organizations involved in the spectrum of the social economy is discussed in terms of the literature to show how many social enterprises in the UK and worldwide can be categorized as small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Discusses the ambiguity prevalent in the social economy concerning the terms and concepts of "not for profit", "non‐profit", social enterprise and social entrepreneur and illustrates the successes, failures and difficulties of the social enterprise sector.FindingsThe four key issues which the definitional debate needs to address, comprise: voluntary participation; independence from the state; the concept of profit (profit making, appropriateness of profit making from certain activities, profit maximization, profit distribution); and ownership and corporate governance. Illustrates the points made in the article with particular reference to three case studies involving: Edinburgh Lothian Council On Alcohol (ELCA) (company limited by guarantee with charitable status); First Scottish University Credit Union Ltd (FSUCUL) (credit union); and Forth Sector (social firm).Originality/valueSorts out some of the difficulties and complexities in the definition and classification of social enterprises.

The present manuscript is about the relationship of system and functional properties of terminological units. Some theoretical aspects of terminological system in military-professional language sphere are discussed in the manuscript. Moreover, such linguistic phenomena as polysemy and homonymy of military-professional units, synonymy and antonymy, systematization of terminological fields, derivational activity of the components of term combinations related to military-professional language sphere, stylistic and functional differentiation of military vocabulary, their territorial consolidation, as well as paradigmatic and syntagmatic characteristics of these units have been investigated in the research work.

This text presents the category of accountability, which is well known in the social sciences, in the context of constitutional law institutions as a useful tool for reflecting on the development of the taking/giving of an account by reporting to the entity that entrusted the constitutional law institutions with their function. The article argues that accountability can be a pivotal category in at least three dimensions: 1) for the implementation of the principle of the democratic entrustment of power within the obtained mandate; 2) the division of powers and the system of mutual entrustment and settlement of their performance, as well as 3) accounting for competencies entrusted to public administration. The text presents the features of accountability in the system of the division of powers, with the indication of key problems in this area, and briefly presents the institutions of constitutional law that can be treated as serving the implementation of accountability.

This text presents the category of accountability, which is well known in the social sciences, in the context of constitutional law institutions as a useful tool for reflecting on the development of the taking/giving of an account by reporting to the entity that entrusted the constitutional law institutions with their function. The article argues that accountability can be a pivotal category in at least three dimensions: 1) for the implementation of the principle of the democratic entrustment of power within the obtained mandate; 2) the division of powers and the system of mutual entrustment and settlement of their performance, as well as 3) accounting for competencies entrusted to public administration. The text presents the features of accountability in the system of the division of powers, with the indication of key problems in this area, and briefly presents the institutions of constitutional law that can be treated as serving the implementation of accountability.

In a recent paper, Mertens and Ravn (2010) study the effects of anticipated fiscal policy shocks in a structural vector autoregressive model. The authors maintain that (i) the lag polynomial associated with news shocks is a cyclotomic polynomial and (ii) the matrix B(L) which transforms a nonfundamental MA representation into a fundamental one is a Blaschke matrix. Though the results in Mertens and Ravn (2010) are correct, we find that the terms 'cyclotomic' and 'Blaschke matrix' are misused.

When we look at the history of translration studies, in the scientific work that has taken place from past centuries to the present, experts have thought about the lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and many other pressing problems of experience. The main purpose of studying the terms is to replace and translate words from foreign languages into words that correspond exactly to our native language. : It is important to translate into Uzbek the terms of foreign languages related to the political sphere of international relations and to find alternative versions of the terms that have been mastered in the Uzbek language and Terminology is inextricably linked with specialist knowledge and hence with special languages or languages for special purposes

When we look at the history of translration studies, in the scientific work that has taken place from past centuries to the present, experts have thought about the lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and many other pressing problems of experience. The main purpose of studying the terms is to replace and translate words from foreign languages into words that correspond exactly to our native language. : It is important to translate into Uzbek the terms of foreign languages related to the political sphere of international relations and to find alternative versions of the terms that have been mastered in the Uzbek language and Terminology is inextricably linked with specialist knowledge and hence with special languages or languages for special purposes

Various aspects and principles for the preparation of translation dictionaries of special (sectoral, terminological) vocabulary are considered. The importance and feasibility of the terminological and terrimonographic activities in the modern Republic of Belarus are justified. The translation dictionary touches on semanticization issue of terminology single units, describes the possible sores of direct (verbal) semantization through the selection of the corresponding (equivalent), as well as other (additional) means of contextual semantization. Particular attention is paid to the illustrative material as a mandatory component of the dictionary article, describes the different ways of presenting it in the dictionary article.