Suchergebnisse

It can be argued that the Constitution of the Fifth Republic is an asset for France, if only because of its longevity. Besides, given the objective set by its founders in 1958, namely to restore the state around the executive, the Fifth Republic is undoubtedly a success. However, this success has led to an imbalance in the functioning of the institutions, which, despite attempts at reform, remain essentially centred on the head of state. The article addresses this issue through the prism of three fundamental issues: 'the spirit' of the Constitution, focused on the reconstruction of the State; 'institutions', unequal in favour of the President of the Republic; and 'practice', sometimes unconstitutional.

The Shedding of Light on the Current Debate: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and his Criticism of Representative Democracy In 1848, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) refused to yield to the enthusiasm of the Republican Camp about universal suffrage and the link established between political and social reforms. In his first book published after the Revolution of February (La solution du probléme social), he questioned the legitimacy of the republican conception of representation. But if the short history of the Second Republic soon confirmed his fears about the abuses inherent in representation, his criticism of universal suffrage sounds still useful when we want to apprehend the present day debate devoted to direct democracy. In any presidential system, the time of elections becomes the moment when a nation looks at themselves. In France, as in many other western countries, the elections bring substantial debates about the democracy. In 2007, the calls for direct democracy made up a central point of political debates and were related to a long time defiance to the representative system. They strangely echoed the debates that took place in the Second Republic after the deputies' betrayal of the electoral law of May 31, 1850. In the article we show how Proudhon's political thought can help us think about direct democracy.

Abstrakt

Lo studio si propone una revisione dello stretto rapporto in tutta l'opera di Gozzano con le poetiche decadenti europee e particolarmente francesi e belghe. Queste, nonostante quello che si è affermato fino ad oggi, non sempre sono mediate da Gabriele d'Annunzio, ma trovano piuttosto nel movimento parnassiano la chiave per la produzione e la comprensione dell'opera matura di Gozzano. Il particolare decadentismo dell'opera gozzaniana pone di nuovo l'autore piemontese in un orizzonte europeo, fuori dalla corrente di letteratura che venne chiamata incautamente "Crepuscolarismo".

Guido Gozzano i europejska kultura literacka

Artykuł poddaje rewizji występujące w całej twórczości Gozzana ścisłe związki z europejskimi poetykami dekadentyzmu, w szczególności francuskimi i belgijskimi. Wbrew dotychczasowym ustaleniom, związki te nie są zawsze zapośredniczane przez poezję Gabriela D'Annunzia, ale istnieją niezależnie od niego. Kluczem do zrozumienia dojrzałych utworów Gozzana okazuje się zwłaszcza parnasizm. Szczególna odmiana dekadentyzmu charakteryzująca poezję Gozzana pozwala umieścić go ponownie w kontekście europejskim, poza prądem naiwnie nazwanym poezją "zmierzchowców".

Abstrakt

L'obiettivo dell'articolo è quello di analizzare i mezzi metaforici esistenti nella lingua italiana volti a verbalizzare le emozioni. L'analisi è stata effettuata ricorrendo alla teoria cognitiva della metafora di Lakoff e Johnson su un corpus che consta di risorse metaforiche convenzionali presenti nei dizionari italiani monolingue. Nello specifico si è cercato di delineare un quadro della concettualizzazione emotiva in italiano, riflettendo su problematiche quali i domini origine adoperati, i possibili limiti posti alla concettualizzazione, nonché l'immagine linguistica che scaturisce dalle emozioni.

Metaforyczna konceptualizacja uczuć w języku włoskim

Celem artykułu było dokonanie analizy metaforycznych środków ekspresji dostępnych w języku włoskim w obrębie werbalizacji emocjonalnej. Analiza ta została przeprowadzona przy odwołaniu do kognitywnej teorii metafory Lakoffa i Johnsona oraz w oparciu o korpus obejmujący konwencjonalne zasoby metaforyczne odnotowane we włoskich słownikach jednojęzycznych. W szczególności, Autorka skupiła się na odzwierciedleniu konceptualizacji emocjonalnej w języku włoskim, snując refleksję nad takimi problemami jak: domeny źródłowe, możliwe ograniczenia w ramach metaforycznego rzutowania oraz językowy obraz emocji.

On principle, the member countries of the European Union belong to different decision circles. Nowadays, belonging to the euro zone is becoming of a great importance, due to the fact that over the last few months the decision-making process in the issues most vital for the Union has moved to this group. The countries considering joining this group (e.g. Poland) should take into consideration not only the fulfilment of the economic convergent criteria the basic premise), but also the political aspect: it will be difficult for a country not belonging to the euro zone to build a strong position in the European Union decision-making process. Among various discussed options considering the euro zone in connection with the current economic crisis, the most realistic is the alternative of further existence of the zone but in a different form: the change will consider both the mechanisms of the zone functioning and its scope. The mechanisms accepted by the European Union within the framework of combating the euro zone crisis (the Treaty on the European Stability Mechanism, the Europlus Pact, the Treaty on Fiscal Union) indicate the basic dilemma which the European integration is confronted with: these actions may contribute to the consolidation of the Union and the strengthening of its position, but they may also initiate the process of its fragmentation. Irrespectively of this problem, the current situation resembles the old concept of Europe à la carte, according to which each member state would be able to choose from the European menu the areas which suit them most. However, the difference might be that the status of countries in the European decision-making process will be unalike.

The study attempts an analysis of the relationship between the concepts of state and nation sovereignty. The thesis has been proposed that state sovereignty could be regarded as a derivation of nation sovereignty. While attempting to approve of the proposed thesis, the authors describe the relationship between both institutions by referring to their origins. In the light of concepts of sovereignty, the relationship between state and international law is presented from a philosophical perspective. Approving the proposed thesis, the authors conclude that regardless of whether state sovereignty derives from nation sovereignty or not, the two concepts refer to different backgrounds which can be seen both in their origins and contemporary realities. ; The study attempts an analysis of the relationship between the concepts of state and nation sovereignty. The thesis has been proposed that state sovereignty could be regarded as a derivation of nation sovereignty. While attempting to approve of the proposed thesis, the authors describe the relationship between both institutions by referring to their origins. In the light of concepts of sovereignty, the relationship between state and international law is presented from a philosophical perspective. Approving the proposed thesis, the authors conclude that regardless of whether state sovereignty derives from nation sovereignty or not, the two concepts refer to different backgrounds which can be seen both in their origins and contemporary realities. ; The study attempts an analysis of the relationship between the concepts of state and nation sovereignty. The thesis has been proposed that state sovereignty could be regarded as a derivation of nation sovereignty. While attempting to approve of the proposed thesis, the authors describe the relationship between both institutions by referring to their origins. In the light of concepts of sovereignty, the relationship between state and international law is presented from a philosophical perspective. Approving the proposed thesis, the authors conclude that regardless of whether state sovereignty derives from nation sovereignty or not, the two concepts refer to different backgrounds which can be seen both in their origins and contemporary realities.

During the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the Fifth Republic, the longevity and vitality of the Constitution was explained by its ability to adapt to all political situations, such as the alternation of right and left or cohabitation. The fundamental issue highlighted by the authors of the study is to guarantee the continuity of public policies and thus the effectiveness of public action. They show the evolution of institutions, the nuances of political practices, raise numerous questions, but do not question the legitimacy of maintaining France's system under the Fifth Republic.