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AbstractConservatives in the United States have grown increasingly critical of universities and their faculty, convinced that professors are ideologues from the political left. Universities, for their part, have increasingly adopted a mantra of diversity and inclusivity, but have shown little interest in diversifying the political and ideological profile of their faculties. This essay argues that the lack of political diversity among American university faculty hampers the ability of universities to fulfill their core mission of advancing and disseminating knowledge. The argument is advanced through a series of four questions: Is it true that university faculty are not ideologically diverse? Why might it be true? Does it matter? How might it be fixed.

From its inception in 1914, the Manitoba Law School had been the joint responsibility of the University of Manitoba and The Law Society of Manitoba. Its four year programme was intended to combine both academic and practical training so that on its completion the graduating student obtained not only his Bachelor of Laws Degree but also his call to the Bar of Manitoba. By the early sixties, however, with the burgeoning of legal education in universities across the country, it became clear that an overhaul of the system was necessary in Manitoba. If legal education was to meet the demands of the last half of the 20th Century and the standards being set in Canada generally, then there had to be a tremendous input of resources. This could only come through the University which, in the sixties, was enjoying good government financing.

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die politische Beeinflussung des Faches Physik an der Universität Göttingen in den 1930er und 40er Jahren. Untersucht werden alle Physikinstitute in den Bereichen wissenschaftliches Personal, Studenten, Forschung und Lehre. Das Kapitel über das Personal zeigt, in welcher Weise die akademische Gemeinschaft bei Stellenbesetzungen wissenschaftliche Qualität, politische Einstellung und Charaktereigenschaften der betreffenden Personen geprüft hat. Zusätzlich zu deren individuellen Eigenschaften waren ihre kollegialen Verbindungen von großer Bedeutung. Die Arbeit rekonstruiert das kollegiale Netz der Physiker, dessen Struktur die teils eigenartigen Personalvorgänge verständlich macht. Dies zeigt auch deutlich die Analyse des gescheiterten Wiedergutmachungsfalles Kurt Hohenemser. Auch die Größe und Zusammensetzung der Studentenschaft unterlag politischer Beeinflussung. Zum Beispiel gab es die meisten weiblichen Physikstudentinnen zu Ende der NS-Zeit, in der Entnazifizierungszeit wurden sie radikal verdrängt. Die Forschungskontrolle der Nachkriegszeit hat zu einer Transformation der vorher von allen Physikinstituten durchgeführten Rüstungsforschung geführt. Manche militärisch relevante Forschung wurde semantisch in einen friedlichen Kontext gestellt und fortgeführt teils sogar unter alliierter Regie. Auch das Lehrangebot passte sich an die jeweiligen politischen Verhältnisse an. Lehrveranstaltungen zu Quantenmechanik und Relativitätstheorie waren in der NS-Zeit selten, die Nachkriegszeit brachte Neuerungen, die das Programm des studium generale um physikhistorische und -philosophische Veranstaltungen ergänzten. Darin fand vereinzelt auch eine Auseinandersetzung mit den Ereignissen der NS-Zeit statt. ; The dissertation examines the political influence on physics at the University of Göttingen in the 1930s and 40s. The examination of all physics institutes is divided into the realms of scientific personnel, students, research, and teaching. The chapter on the personnel shows how in the case of staffing the scientific community considered the scientific quality, the political attitude, and the character traits of the respective candidates. In addition to their individual characteristics the scientists collegial ties were of great importance. Thus the chapter reconstructs the physicists" collegial network whose structure could explain the to some extent strange changes in personnel. This is shown by the analysis of the unsuccessful rehabilitation case of Kurt Hohenemser. Also the quantity and composition of the student body was politically influenced. For instance at the end of the Third Reich the number of female physics students reached its maximum; during denazification the female students were pushed away radically. In the postwar period research control caused a transformation of armament research which had been conducted in all physic institutes before. Some of the military relevant research was continued by semantically putting it into a peaceful context partly even under allied control. Also the curricula were adjusted to the respective political circumstances. Lectures on quantum mechanics and relativity theory were seldom during the Third Reich. In the postwar period lectures on the history and philosophy of physics complemented the studium generale program. In single cases they also dealt with the Nazi past.

Clinical reasoning learning (CRA) is a teaching method based on interactive teaching. Its objective is to lead the student to acquire a diagnostic approach by developing a clinical reasoning. In order to evaluate this method of active teaching from the point of view of the medical student, we carried out a cross-sectional descriptive study among students of the 3rd year of medicine of the faculty of medicine and pharmacy of Marrakesh, having held out-patient clinics at the Mohamed VI university hospital in Marrakesh or at Ibn Sina Military Hospital and attended at least two CRA sessions during their day school curriculum. Data were collected during the last week of July 2016, via a quiz. One hundred and forty-two quiz were operated with a participation rate of 95%. Students reported that CRA sessions are interesting but insufficient. The CRA sessions had a very important place in medical education for 84% of our students and they had brought medical knowledge to the majority. The clinical reasoning learning made it possible to apply the theoretical knowledge acquired during the medical studies for 62% students and allowed to acquire medical skills for 95%. It turns out that the CRA is a teaching method which is appreciated by students and which is an interesting complement to the traditional forms of teaching.

The purpose of this research is to empirically test the perceptionof organizational politics among university faculty in the context ofPakistan. The plan of the study involved collection of data about theperception of organizational politics among the university faculty inKarachi. The sample size of 110 faculty members from various highereducation institutions was collected. The instrument used for thisstudy was the 15-item Perception of Organizational Politics Scale(POPS) developed by Kacmar and Carlson (1997). The scale includesthree section such as People in this organization attempt to buildthemselves up by tearing others down; Agreeing with powerful othersis the best alternative in this organization and When it comes to payraise and promotion decisions, policies are irrelevant. The resultsupports the hypothesis that there is an association between powerfulpolitical groups and employees' survival in higher educationinstitutions.

Combining salary data for permanent non-emeritus faculty at seven departments of political science within the University of California system with lifetime citation counts and other individual-level data from the Masuoka, Grofman, and Feld (2007a) study of faculty at Ph.D.-granting political science departments in the United States, I analyze determinants of faculty salaries. For the full data set the main finding are that (1) base salaries of UC political science faculty are slightly more strongly correlated to citation rates (annualized or total lifetime citations) as a measure of research visibility than they are to seniority measured by years since receipt of the Ph.D.; and (2) that gender differences and subfield differences in salary essentially vanish once I take into account both year of Ph.D. and research visibility (as measured by annualized citation counts), while gender inequities would appear to exist if I did not control for both variables.

From an anatomical perspective, the dental pulp is a connective tissue with a specific microcirculatory system with repairing abilities in order to preserve the vitality of the pulp15. Different therapeutic methods in treating the affected dental pulp can be compromised by different factors and can lead us to failure. Due to disorders emerged in the microcirculatory system, the treatment of the affected dental pulpin patients with type 2 diabetes is an additional challenge. Type 2 diabetes can impact different functions of the patients' immune system, with a predisposion to chronic inflammation, progressive tissue degradation and reduced tissue repairing15. Regarding the endodontic therapy of the affected dental pulp in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), an important role in the treatment of pulpal complications is played by the calcium hydroxide which is considered "the golden standard" because of its excellent properties, the very alkaline pH being one of the most important.

Combining salary data for permanent non-emeritus faculty at seven departments of political science within the University of California system with lifetime citation counts and other individual level data from the Masuoka, Grofman and Feld (2007) study of faculty at Ph.D. granting political science departments in the United States, we analyze determinants of faculty salaries. For the full data set our main finding are that (1) base salaries of UC political science faculty are slightly more strongly correlated to citation rates (annualized or total lifetime citations) as a measure of research visibility than they are to seniority measured by years since receipt of the Ph.D; and (2) that gender differences and subfield differences in salary essentially vanish once we take into account both year of Ph.D. and research visibility (as measured by annualized citation counts), while gender inequities would appear to exist if we did not control for both variables and thus may appear in the kinds of simpler gender equity comparisons commonly done within the UC system that lack any performance control variable. Also (3) looking across the seven campuses, despite the philosophy of common academic personnel standards across campuses, we find differences in average compensation levels even after we control for cross-campus difference in seniority and faculty research visibility. In particular, the three nationally highest ranked UC political science departments (UCB, UCLA and UCSD) collectively attach considerably less relative weight to seniority relative to citation record in determining faculty salaries than do the other four UC departments, have greater salary variation among those roughly the same time past Ph.D., and, on average, pay higher salaries even after seniority and citations are controlled.

Der Band dokumentiert die Vorträge des fünften deutsch-taiwanesischen Kolloquiums zum Öffentlichen Recht, das mit dem "Gesetz" ein zentrales Thema gerade der deutschen Verfassungsrechtswissenschaft zum Gegenstand hatte. In einer ersten Sektion finden sich eine umfassende Darstellung der Entwicklung des Verfassungsstaates in Taiwan sowie eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem Verhältnis von Gesetz und Recht in Deutschland. Während der zweite Abschnitt sich mit dem Gesetzgebungsverfahren beschäftigt, werden im dritten und vierten inhaltliche Anforderungen an das Gesetz untersucht. Die folgenden Sektionen sind dem Vorrang des Gesetzes, dem Verhältnis von Gesetz und Vertrag sowie den Steuerungswirkungen der Gesetze gewidmet. Schwerpunkt der Beiträge sind jeweils Deutschland und Taiwan, aber auch weitere Rechtsordnungen werden vergleichend herangezogen. Insgesamt wird auf diese Weise ein umfassendes Bild der Stellung und Dogmatik des Gesetzes im modernen demokratischen Verfassungsstaat gezeichnet.Mit Beiträgen von:Hartmut Bauer, Rainer Grote, Werner Heun, Tzong-li Hsu, Shu-perng Hwang, Jörn Ipsen, Hans Hugo Klein, Christine Langenfeld, Shwu-fann Liou, Jian-he Lin, Christian Starck, Yueh-sheng Weng, Tzu-hui Yang