Envisaging political power as dynamic allows the historian to deal with its structures with some sophistication. This paper approaches political power, not as a circumscribed block of bureaucratic elements, but as a complex phenomenon rooted in social reality. The authors explore the dialogue between local and central power, understanding 'dialogue' in its widest sense. Thus the relationships (both amicable and hostile) between local and central spheres of influence are studied. The authors propose a new analytical framework for the study of the config uration of political power in the northern zone of the Iberian peninsula, over a long period of time, which takes in both the post-Roman world a nd the political structures of the early Middle Ages.
The period between the eleventh and the fourteenth centuries was highly turbulent for the Dalmatian city of Zadar. After the final collapse of Byzantine rule in the Adriatic this former capital of the Byzantine theme not only fought to preserve its leading position among the citi es of Dalmatia, but also played power politics against Venice and against the rulers of the hinterland: the Hungarian kings and the local Croatian magnates. This strategic and political position reflected as well as defined the divisions and conflicts between the city's "sub- communities": the cathedral chapter of. St. Anastasia, the monastery of St. Chrysogonus, and the commune of Zadar. The aim of this article is to trace the relations between these conflicts and the cults of the two principal patron saints: St. Anastasia and St. Chrysogonus.
This book illustrates the history of the Library of the Faculty of Arts and Philosophy of the University of Florence, tracing it from the origins up to the present: "from the pen to the computer", against the backdrop of Florence from unification to the threshold of the third millennium. The Library is inserted in the historic and geographical context in which it emerged, with references to the political and economic situation of Tuscany starting from the end of the Grand Duchy.
Communication présentée au colloque "Knowledge Unit, multiplicity of knowledge. Nature, history and religion in the work of Francesco Bianchini (1662-1729)', Vérone, 28-30 octobre 2004 A letter from Francesco Bianchini to the cardinal Gualtieri in January 1710 provides new data on the project of a museum of ecclesiastic history conceived by the famous scientist and eruted. It shows in particular that the Museum had to compare, with great political rigour, monuments of Rome pagana and Christian Rome in order to illustrate the passionate process from one to another, from ancient philosophy to Christian doctrine, and from the secular empire to the universal sovereignty of the Roman pontefice. ; Communication présentée au colloque "Unità del sapere, molteplicità dei saperi. Natura, storia e religione nell'opera di Francesco Bianchini (1662-1729)", Vérone, 28-30 octobre 2004 Una lettera indirizzata da Francesco Bianchini al cardinale Gualtieri nel gennaio 1710 fornisce dati nuovi sul progetto di Museo di storia ecclesiastica ideato dal famoso scienzato ed erudito. Dimostra in particolare che il Museo doveva mettere a confronto, con gran rigore programmatico, monumenti della Roma pagana e della Roma cristiana per illustrare il processo di passgio dall'una all' altra, dalla filosofia antica alla dottrina cristiana, e dall'impero secolare alla sovranità universale del pontefice romano. ; Communication présentée au colloque "Knowledge Unit, multiplicity of knowledge. Nature, history and religion in the work of Francesco Bianchini (1662-1729)', Vérone, 28-30 octobre 2004 A letter from Francesco Bianchini to the cardinal Gualtieri in January 1710 provides new data on the project of a museum of ecclesiastic history conceived by the famous scientist and eruted. It shows in particular that the Museum had to compare, with great political rigour, monuments of Rome pagana and Christian Rome in order to illustrate the passionate process from one to another, from ancient philosophy to Christian doctrine, and from the secular ...
The word "asbestos", that means unquenchable, is used for a group of silicate minerals occurring with a fibrous habit, belonging to the serpentine and amphibole families. According to the Italian Legislation (D.L. 15/08/91) the six fibrous silicates defined as asbestos are: chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite (fibrous varieties of grunerite and riebeckite, respectively), anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite. These minerals are made up of incombustible, chemically stable, inert, phono-absorbing, flexible and tensile fibers. The chemical and physical properties of asbestos made it, in past decades, one of the most important inorganic materials for industrial uses and technological applications. At the end of the 1950s the correlation between exposure to asbestos and development of pleural mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma was established. Since the last decades, asbestos health hazard is considered not only an occupational problem, but also a potential environmental hazard. As a consequence, in most western countries, the current legislation imposed severe laws to regulate the use of potentially asbestos-bearing rocks and soils. The pathogenicity of the asbestos fibers has been considered to be due to one or more of the following factors: i) the fibrous habit (a mineral is defined as fibrous when its length/diameter ratio is greater than 3:1); ii) chemical-mineralogical factors (fiber type, chemical composition, surface reactivity); iii) the biopersistence. These factors are interconnected: in fact, the fiber dimensions influence its surface reactivity, fiber composition controls its biopersistence and biopersistence is associated to the fiber habit. Though the six asbestos minerals are considered as equally dangerous for the human health, recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that crocidolite, amosite and tremolite are clearly more dangerous than chrysotile. In the Western Alps fibrous minerals mainly occur in the Piemonte Zone of Calcschists with meta-ophiolites. This work is part of a ...
The word "asbestos", that means unquenchable, is used for a group of silicate minerals occurring with a fibrous habit, belonging to the serpentine and amphibole families. According to the Italian Legislation (D.L. 15/08/91) the six fibrous silicates defined as asbestos are: chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite (fibrous varieties of grunerite and riebeckite, respectively), anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite. These minerals are made up of incombustible, chemically stable, inert, phono-absorbing, flexible and tensile fibers. The chemical and physical properties of asbestos made it, in past decades, one of the most important inorganic materials for industrial uses and technological applications. At the end of the 1950s the correlation between exposure to asbestos and development of pleural mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma was established. Since the last decades, asbestos health hazard is considered not only an occupational problem, but also a potential environmental hazard. As a consequence, in most western countries, the current legislation imposed severe laws to regulate the use of potentially asbestos-bearing rocks and soils. The pathogenicity of the asbestos fibers has been considered to be due to one or more of the following factors: i) the fibrous habit (a mineral is defined as fibrous when its length/diameter ratio is greater than 3:1); ii) chemical-mineralogical factors (fiber type, chemical composition, surface reactivity); iii) the biopersistence. These factors are interconnected: in fact, the fiber dimensions influence its surface reactivity, fiber composition controls its biopersistence and biopersistence is associated to the fiber habit. Though the six asbestos minerals are considered as equally dangerous for the human health, recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that crocidolite, amosite and tremolite are clearly more dangerous than chrysotile. In the Western Alps fibrous minerals mainly occur in the Piemonte Zone of Calcschists with meta-ophiolites. This work is part of a multidisciplinary project entitled "Asbestos hazard in Western Alps", goaled at studing occurrence, environmental hazard and possible inactivation of fibrous minerals in the Western Alps. This project, financially supported by the Assessorato all'Ambiente of Regione Piemonte, was coordinated by the Interdepartmental Centre "G. Scansetti" (Università di Torino). The open questions from which this work was born are: i) Which fibrous minerals occur in the serpentinites from the Susa and Lanzo Valleys? ii) Where these minerals occur? Which are the genetic conditions that influence their growth? iii) In which percentage the fibrous minerals are present in the serpentinite rocks? On the basis of these open questions, the Thesis has been organized in 6 chapter. •Chapter 1 – The six minerals defined as asbestos are presented; their potential patogenicity and the deseases correlated to the asbestos exposure are briefly discussed. •Chapter 2 – The geological setting of the Piemonte Zone of Calcschists with meta-ophiolites is briefly discussed, with special attention to the metamorphic evolution of the Ultramafic Lanzo Massif and of the Internal/External Piemonte Zone. •Chapter 3 – The topic of this chapter is the mineralogical and chemical characterization of the fibrous minerals occurring in the analysed serpentinites, i.e. serpentine minerals (chrysotile and antigorite), balangeroite, diopside, tremolite and carlosturanite. For each fibrous mineral, the crystallographic structure and optical properties are reported, and the chemical composition and vibrational properties (FTIR and Μ-Raman spectroscopy) are discussed in detail. From these data it is evident that a rapid and unambiguous identification of fibrous minerals requires the combined use of several analytical techniques, particularly the optical and electron microscopy and the micro-Raman spectroscopy. •Chapter 4 – This chapter is dedicated to the petrological study of the serpentinites from the Susa and Lanzo Valleys, which has been carried out mainly by means of optical and electron microscopy, and Μ-Raman spectroscopy. In the first part of the chapter, the serpentinization processes are briefly discussed and the serpentinite microstructures and the metamorphic paragenesis are described in detail. The second part of the chapter is dealing with the metamorphic veins occurring in the serpentinites. The mechanisms by which a fibrous vein may form are firstly considered; the five generations of metamorphic veins recognised in the serpentinites are, then, described in detail and some hypotheses for their genetic conditions are suggested. The metamorphic P-T path estimated for the serpentinites on the ground of microstructural observations and thermobarometric data, is discussed in the light of Μ(Ca2+/Mg2+)-Μ(SiO2) and P-T diagrams, calculated with the pseudosection approach. •Chapter 5 - This chapter concerns the problem of the quantitative determination of the fibrous minerals in the rocks. In the first part, the traditional techniques used for the quantitative estimate of asbestos in solid materials are presented, i.e. fiber count at SEM or TEM, X-ray powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy. In the second part of the chapter two new methods are proposed. The first one is based on the use of FTIR spectroscopy for the quantitative asbestos estimate in a chrysotile + antigorite mixtures. The second is based on the image analysis of SEM images combined with micro-Raman spectroscopy. This last technique gives both quantitative and morphological informations. •Chapter 6 – In the final chapter, the main results obtained, the still open questions, and the future perspectives are summarized and briefly discussed. ; Le mot "asbeste" (incombustible) est utilisé pour indiquer un groupe de silicate à habitus fibreux, appartenant aux familles des serpentines et des amphiboles. Selon la législation italienne (D.L. 15/08/91), les six silicates fibreux définis comme asbeste sont: le chrysotile, l'amosite et la crocidolite (variétés fibreuses de la grunérite et de la riébeckite), l'anthophyllite, la trémolite et l'actinolite. Ces minéraux sont constitués de fibres incombustibles, chimiquement stables, inertes et flexibles. A cause de leurs propriétés chimiques et physiques, les asbestes ont été considérés comme les plus importants matériaux inorganiques en vue d'applications industrielles et technologiques. À la fin des années 50, on découvrit la corrélation entre l'exposition à l'asbeste et le développement du mésotéliome pleural et du carcinome. Depuis quelques décennies, le risque asbeste n'est pas considéré comme seulement confiné au cadre professionnel, mais également en tant que risque potentiel pour l'environnement. Par conséquent, l'actuelle législation impose des lois sévères pour la réglementation de l'utilisation des roches et des sols potentiellement porteurs d'asbestes. Le caractère pathogène des fibres d'asbeste est associé aux facteurs suivants : i) faciès fibreux (un minéral est défini comme fibreux si le rapport longueur/diamètre est plus grand de 3 :1) ; ii) facteurs chimiques et minéralogiques (types de fibre, composition chimique, réactivité de surface) ; iii) la bio persistance. Ces facteurs sont interconnectés car les dimensions de la fibre influencent sa réactivité superficielle, la composition de la fibre contrôle sa bio persistance et la bio persistance est aussi associée au faciès de la fibre. Dans les Alpes Occidentales, les minéraux fibreux sont concentrés dans la Zone Piémontaise des Schistes Lustrès à méta-ophiolites. Cette étude fait partie d'une projet multidisciplinaire intitulé « Le risque asbeste dans les Alpes Occidentales », visé à l'étude de la présence, du risque et de la possible inactivation des minéraux fibreux dans les Alpes Occidentales. Ce projet, financé par l'Assessorato all'Ambiente de la Regione Piemonte, a été coordonné par le Centro Interdipartimentale « G. Scansetti » de l'Université de Torino. Cette étude se fonde sur les questions suivantes : i) Quels sont les minéraux fibreux dans les vallées de Susa et de Lanzo ? ii) Où ces minéraux sont-ils concentrés ? Quelles conditions génétiques contrôlent leur croissance ? iii) Quel est le pourcentage les minéraux fibreux dans les serpentines? Sur la base de ces questions, cette thèse a été organisée en six chapitres : •Chapitre 1 – Les six minéraux fibreux définis comme asbeste sont présentés et leur potentiel pathogène est discuté. •Chapitre 2 – La Zone Piémontaise des Schistes Lustrés à méta-ophiolites est décrite brièvement. •Chapitre 3 – Ce chapitre traite de la caractérisation minéralogique et chimique des minéraux fibreux reconnus dans les serpentinites étudiées, c'est-à-dire des minéraux du groupe des serpentines (chrysotile et lizardite), la balangéroïte, le diopside, la trémolite et la carlosturanite. Pour chacun de ces minéraux sont présentées la structure cristallographique, les propriétés optiques, la composition chimique et les propriétés vibrationnelles (Μ-Raman et FTIR). •Chapitre 4 – Ce chapitre traite de l'étude pétrologique des serpentinites des vallées de Susa et de Lanzo, réalisée par microscopie optique et électronique, et spectroscopie Μ-Raman. Dans la première partie, les mécanismes de la serpentinisation sont présentés et les microstructures des serpentinites sont décrits en détail. Dans la deuxième partie, les cinq générations de veines métamorphiques reconnues dans les serpentines sont décrites en détail et des modes de formation sont proposés. La trajectoire P-T estimée pour les serpentinites, sur la base des observations microstructurales et des données thermobarométriques, est discutée à la lumière des diagrammes Μ(Ca2+/Mg2+)-Μ(SiO2) et P-T, calculés grâce à la technique des pseudosections. •Chapitre 5 – Ce chapitre traite du problème de la détermination quantitative des minéraux fibreux dans les roches. Dans la première partie, les techniques traditionnelles pour la détermination quantitative de l'asbeste dans le matériel solide sont présentées. Dans la deuxième partie, deux nouvelles techniques sont décrites en détail. La première est basée sur la spectroscopie FTIR appliquée à une mélange de antigorite + chrysotile. La deuxième sur l'analyse des images SEM (BSE) associée à la spectroscopie micro-Raman. •Chapitre 6 – Il s'agit du chapitre de conclusion, où sont brièvement discutés les résultats, les questions encore ouvertes et les perspectives futures de ce travail.
The word "asbestos", that means unquenchable, is used for a group of silicate minerals occurring with a fibrous habit, belonging to the serpentine and amphibole families. According to the Italian Legislation (D.L. 15/08/91) the six fibrous silicates defined as asbestos are: chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite (fibrous varieties of grunerite and riebeckite, respectively), anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite. These minerals are made up of incombustible, chemically stable, inert, phono-absorbing, flexible and tensile fibers. The chemical and physical properties of asbestos made it, in past decades, one of the most important inorganic materials for industrial uses and technological applications. At the end of the 1950s the correlation between exposure to asbestos and development of pleural mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma was established. Since the last decades, asbestos health hazard is considered not only an occupational problem, but also a potential environmental hazard. As a consequence, in most western countries, the current legislation imposed severe laws to regulate the use of potentially asbestos-bearing rocks and soils. The pathogenicity of the asbestos fibers has been considered to be due to one or more of the following factors: i) the fibrous habit (a mineral is defined as fibrous when its length/diameter ratio is greater than 3:1); ii) chemical-mineralogical factors (fiber type, chemical composition, surface reactivity); iii) the biopersistence. These factors are interconnected: in fact, the fiber dimensions influence its surface reactivity, fiber composition controls its biopersistence and biopersistence is associated to the fiber habit. Though the six asbestos minerals are considered as equally dangerous for the human health, recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that crocidolite, amosite and tremolite are clearly more dangerous than chrysotile. In the Western Alps fibrous minerals mainly occur in the Piemonte Zone of Calcschists with meta-ophiolites. This work is part of a multidisciplinary project entitled "Asbestos hazard in Western Alps", goaled at studing occurrence, environmental hazard and possible inactivation of fibrous minerals in the Western Alps. This project, financially supported by the Assessorato all'Ambiente of Regione Piemonte, was coordinated by the Interdepartmental Centre "G. Scansetti" (Università di Torino). The open questions from which this work was born are: i) Which fibrous minerals occur in the serpentinites from the Susa and Lanzo Valleys? ii) Where these minerals occur? Which are the genetic conditions that influence their growth? iii) In which percentage the fibrous minerals are present in the serpentinite rocks? On the basis of these open questions, the Thesis has been organized in 6 chapter. •Chapter 1 – The six minerals defined as asbestos are presented; their potential patogenicity and the deseases correlated to the asbestos exposure are briefly discussed. •Chapter 2 – The geological setting of the Piemonte Zone of Calcschists with meta-ophiolites is briefly discussed, with special attention to the metamorphic evolution of the Ultramafic Lanzo Massif and of the Internal/External Piemonte Zone. •Chapter 3 – The topic of this chapter is the mineralogical and chemical characterization of the fibrous minerals occurring in the analysed serpentinites, i.e. serpentine minerals (chrysotile and antigorite), balangeroite, diopside, tremolite and carlosturanite. For each fibrous mineral, the crystallographic structure and optical properties are reported, and the chemical composition and vibrational properties (FTIR and Μ-Raman spectroscopy) are discussed in detail. From these data it is evident that a rapid and unambiguous identification of fibrous minerals requires the combined use of several analytical techniques, particularly the optical and electron microscopy and the micro-Raman spectroscopy. •Chapter 4 – This chapter is dedicated to the petrological study of the serpentinites from the Susa and Lanzo Valleys, which has been carried out mainly by means of optical and electron microscopy, and Μ-Raman spectroscopy. In the first part of the chapter, the serpentinization processes are briefly discussed and the serpentinite microstructures and the metamorphic paragenesis are described in detail. The second part of the chapter is dealing with the metamorphic veins occurring in the serpentinites. The mechanisms by which a fibrous vein may form are firstly considered; the five generations of metamorphic veins recognised in the serpentinites are, then, described in detail and some hypotheses for their genetic conditions are suggested. The metamorphic P-T path estimated for the serpentinites on the ground of microstructural observations and thermobarometric data, is discussed in the light of Μ(Ca2+/Mg2+)-Μ(SiO2) and P-T diagrams, calculated with the pseudosection approach. •Chapter 5 - This chapter concerns the problem of the quantitative determination of the fibrous minerals in the rocks. In the first part, the traditional techniques used for the quantitative estimate of asbestos in solid materials are presented, i.e. fiber count at SEM or TEM, X-ray powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy. In the second part of the chapter two new methods are proposed. The first one is based on the use of FTIR spectroscopy for the quantitative asbestos estimate in a chrysotile + antigorite mixtures. The second is based on the image analysis of SEM images combined with micro-Raman spectroscopy. This last technique gives both quantitative and morphological informations. •Chapter 6 – In the final chapter, the main results obtained, the still open questions, and the future perspectives are summarized and briefly discussed. ; Le mot "asbeste" (incombustible) est utilisé pour indiquer un groupe de silicate à habitus fibreux, appartenant aux familles des serpentines et des amphiboles. Selon la législation italienne (D.L. 15/08/91), les six silicates fibreux définis comme asbeste sont: le chrysotile, l'amosite et la crocidolite (variétés fibreuses de la grunérite et de la riébeckite), l'anthophyllite, la trémolite et l'actinolite. Ces minéraux sont constitués de fibres incombustibles, chimiquement stables, inertes et flexibles. A cause de leurs propriétés chimiques et physiques, les asbestes ont été considérés comme les plus importants matériaux inorganiques en vue d'applications industrielles et technologiques. À la fin des années 50, on découvrit la corrélation entre l'exposition à l'asbeste et le développement du mésotéliome pleural et du carcinome. Depuis quelques décennies, le risque asbeste n'est pas considéré comme seulement confiné au cadre professionnel, mais également en tant que risque potentiel pour l'environnement. Par conséquent, l'actuelle législation impose des lois sévères pour la réglementation de l'utilisation des roches et des sols potentiellement porteurs d'asbestes. Le caractère pathogène des fibres d'asbeste est associé aux facteurs suivants : i) faciès fibreux (un minéral est défini comme fibreux si le rapport longueur/diamètre est plus grand de 3 :1) ; ii) facteurs chimiques et minéralogiques (types de fibre, composition chimique, réactivité de surface) ; iii) la bio persistance. Ces facteurs sont interconnectés car les dimensions de la fibre influencent sa réactivité superficielle, la composition de la fibre contrôle sa bio persistance et la bio persistance est aussi associée au faciès de la fibre. Dans les Alpes Occidentales, les minéraux fibreux sont concentrés dans la Zone Piémontaise des Schistes Lustrès à méta-ophiolites. Cette étude fait partie d'une projet multidisciplinaire intitulé « Le risque asbeste dans les Alpes Occidentales », visé à l'étude de la présence, du risque et de la possible inactivation des minéraux fibreux dans les Alpes Occidentales. Ce projet, financé par l'Assessorato all'Ambiente de la Regione Piemonte, a été coordonné par le Centro Interdipartimentale « G. Scansetti » de l'Université de Torino. Cette étude se fonde sur les questions suivantes : i) Quels sont les minéraux fibreux dans les vallées de Susa et de Lanzo ? ii) Où ces minéraux sont-ils concentrés ? Quelles conditions génétiques contrôlent leur croissance ? iii) Quel est le pourcentage les minéraux fibreux dans les serpentines? Sur la base de ces questions, cette thèse a été organisée en six chapitres : •Chapitre 1 – Les six minéraux fibreux définis comme asbeste sont présentés et leur potentiel pathogène est discuté. •Chapitre 2 – La Zone Piémontaise des Schistes Lustrés à méta-ophiolites est décrite brièvement. •Chapitre 3 – Ce chapitre traite de la caractérisation minéralogique et chimique des minéraux fibreux reconnus dans les serpentinites étudiées, c'est-à-dire des minéraux du groupe des serpentines (chrysotile et lizardite), la balangéroïte, le diopside, la trémolite et la carlosturanite. Pour chacun de ces minéraux sont présentées la structure cristallographique, les propriétés optiques, la composition chimique et les propriétés vibrationnelles (Μ-Raman et FTIR). •Chapitre 4 – Ce chapitre traite de l'étude pétrologique des serpentinites des vallées de Susa et de Lanzo, réalisée par microscopie optique et électronique, et spectroscopie Μ-Raman. Dans la première partie, les mécanismes de la serpentinisation sont présentés et les microstructures des serpentinites sont décrits en détail. Dans la deuxième partie, les cinq générations de veines métamorphiques reconnues dans les serpentines sont décrites en détail et des modes de formation sont proposés. La trajectoire P-T estimée pour les serpentinites, sur la base des observations microstructurales et des données thermobarométriques, est discutée à la lumière des diagrammes Μ(Ca2+/Mg2+)-Μ(SiO2) et P-T, calculés grâce à la technique des pseudosections. •Chapitre 5 – Ce chapitre traite du problème de la détermination quantitative des minéraux fibreux dans les roches. Dans la première partie, les techniques traditionnelles pour la détermination quantitative de l'asbeste dans le matériel solide sont présentées. Dans la deuxième partie, deux nouvelles techniques sont décrites en détail. La première est basée sur la spectroscopie FTIR appliquée à une mélange de antigorite + chrysotile. La deuxième sur l'analyse des images SEM (BSE) associée à la spectroscopie micro-Raman. •Chapitre 6 – Il s'agit du chapitre de conclusion, où sont brièvement discutés les résultats, les questions encore ouvertes et les perspectives futures de ce travail.
Il contributo analizza come il moto di protesta del 1450 a Palermo, osservato attraverso gli atti delle sedute del consiglio municipale, esprima precise rivendicazioni socio-politiche riuscendo a influenzare gli equilibri di potere all'interno della città. ; The paper analyzes how the movement of protest in 1450 in Palermo, viewed through the acts of the meetings of the City Council, delivers precise socio-political demands being able to influence the balance of power within the city.
This book presents the results of the work of a research group from the University of Florence aimed at underscoring the consequences on the government of craft enterprises of the inequality of the criteria for recognition of the preferential debt of the artisan in insolvency proceedings. The study has also sought to contribute to superseding certain economic-financial criteria utilised to discriminate between enterprises that deserve the recognition of the right and other enterprises, partly through the definition of an alternative criterion that has already been subjected to an initial empirical validation.
SUMMARY The continuous enlargement of the excavations at Arslantepe, in the Malatya province of Eastern Turkey, together with the beginning of systematic surveys in the region and new studies on the modes of occupation of the first centuries on the III millennium BC, give us the unique opportunity to reconsider the occupation proper of Arslantepe and the organisation of the surrounding territory. Around 3000 BC we assist to a general social and political crisis in the site and in the Malatya plain, started with the collapse of the proto-state system of Mesopotamian influence and the establishment, at the beginning of the III millennium, of a different economic and political organisation of the territory, with a much stronger mobile character than in the past. The society of the second half of the IV millennium BC was based on an essentially rural population, sparsely distributed in the plain, which all converged to the central site of Arslantepe and was probably involved in a complex mechanism of local exchange, managed and regulated by the Arslantepe palace. On top of the ruins of the palace, settle, at the beginning of Early Bronze Age I, groups with very distinct architectural traditions, life modes and material culture. The ceramic material consisted mainly of hand made burnished vessels, with the characteristic bi-chrome red-black surfaces, which presents clear technological and stylistic analogies with the red-black productions of the palatial period, but new shapes. These ceramics are the expression of an extremely unitary style and taste, which strongly recalls similar Transcaucasian productions of the Kura-Araks type, and most of all those from Georgia and North-Eastern Anatolia, thus indicating an evident cultural interaction with those communities, or maybe even the physical presence of those groups in the Upper Euphrates valley and in the Malatya plain at the beginning of the III millennium BC. Next to this though, the ceramic production also evidences a continuity of traditions already consolidated in the region and a material culture of the first centuries of the III millennium with a strong local character. The Kura-Araks model which makes its appearance in the Malatya plain, could thus be one derived by the pastoral groups, who locally re-elaborated and modified it.
Analysing two quite rarely considered Max Weber's essays on social inquiry and on the problems of social psychology the Author places them within the coordinates of weberian historical research about ethics and the spirit of capitalism. These two essays of 1908-09 anticipate many of the principal themes emerging in the successive methodological and political writings of Max Weber. At first Weber discusses the bias between qualitative and quantitative sociological research in or-der to determinate the role of subjective motivations inside the objective conditions of capitalist domination. The analysis of the relationship between entrepreneur and workers becomes conse-quently an important pointer to understand in which way Weber concretely intends the social re-lationship and the sources of power and authority. The weberian reconstruction of social life in the factory meets in fact the possibility of the interruption of the association based on a disci-plined obedience. As registered by Weber in the two categories of Macht and Herrschaft in this situation changes the perception to be submitted to an anonymous power and emerges the pres-ence of a personal domination.
The book is offered as a reflection on psychological practice which, with a light touch of self-irony and a easy, flowing language, addresses various significant nodal aspects of the profession. The different chapters, approached in an autobiographical, diarial and critical key, focus analysis of various significant aspects of both the analytic practice and the training of the analyst. Considerable space is devoted, on the one hand to the narration and commentary of the dreams of the author and of his patients, and on the other to the role of politics in the training of those who, like the writer, began working as psychologists in the seventies. Thus the book is aimed both at professionals and students of psychology, and at a broader public which may be curious about who exactly is the person "on the other side of the couch".
The experience of Porto Alegre has and continues to represent for the entire world a benchmark standard in terms of the participation of citizens in territorial government. Dwelling principally on the technical-instrumental aspects of its extraordinary parable, this book attempts to reconstruct, over and above any evaluation, a biography of the territory and the communities in play, telling the story of how a site on the planet can become a planetary site of participatory democracy.
The article offers an analysis, on the one hand, of legislative decree 21-5-2004 no. 171, containing the law giving effect to directive 3-12-2001 no. 95 relating to general product safety and now incorporated in the consumer code, following legislative decree 6-9-2005 no. 206, and, on the other hand, attemps to give a full account of the system of consumer protection in regard to defective products by means of a comparison between the preventive protection offered by the penal provisions of 171/2004 and the compensatory regime contained in d.p.r. 24-5-1988 no. 224 on producer's liability. These two legal measures are complementary inasmuch as the law on general product safety does not turn on establishing damage, but rather imposes prior duties on the producer in terms of guaranteeing the safety of products brought onto the market and of measures (withdrawall, recall, etc.) to be undertaken once the product is on the market in order to counteract those risks not previously eliminated; penal and administrative sanctions are provided. The producer liability rules, by contrast, presuppose establishing damage and aim to make restitution by way of compensation, according to objective criteria. Judgments place particular importance on an appraisal of the risks to product safety arising from uses to which the goods can reasonables expect to be put, taking account of the kinds of consumers involved, especially minor and old people. The two regimes overlap, however, in terms of measures to eliminate those product risks that were unknown to producer when the product was put into circulation and of the obligation that arise once the consumer has adverted the producer, violation of which can lead to additional liability in the form of sanctions for illegal omission, not contemplated in d.p.r. 224/1988, where the wrongfull conduct has occasioned damage to the consumer.
