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The Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum was founded in 1924 and has graduated the majority of doctors in the Sudan. In recent years the government invested heavily in higher education and 26 new medical schools have been established and are now functioning and graduating doctors. Those new schools adopted different models of curricula, however most of them benefited from the Gezira medical school experience and hence their curricula are innovative. The large number of schools and the diversity in their curricular models fueled interest in the Sudan General Medical Council and the Ministry of Higher Education to establish a national mechanism for evaluating those schools and ensuring the society that they graduate doctors with optimum standard.

In this dissertation, I analyze the idea of cultural citizenship in the participation of the Erasmus+ Program and the reality of its manifestation in German culture and society. Following Máiréad Nic Craith, cultural citizenship is defined here as a "set of practices (juridical, political, economic and cultural) that define a person as a component member of society" and has been neglected as a form of study by anthropologists (2004). Drawing from Nic Craith's definition, my notion of cultural citizenship is that it is an inherently cultural process, fluid and constantly evolving (2004). The focus for my investigation is the EU-sponsored Erasmus+ Program, created 30 years ago to develop and transfer a common sense of community and European cultural identity through study exchange throughout the EU Member States. The longstanding goal of the Erasmus+ Program is that current and former Erasmus+ students will be catalysts and members of this shared European identity. This doctoral research questions how do these European university students, who each bring their own individual notions of nationalism and cultural citizenship, experience this program in Germany? To answer this question, over the 2015-2016 academic year, I have documented the Incoming- and Outgoing- Erasmus+ students' experiences at a historic and international German university, Georg-August-Universität-Göttingen in Lower Saxony, Germany. My infield ethnography comprised of multifaceted semi-structured interviews (with the Erasmus+ students, Universität-Göttingen Erasmus+ coordinators, and EU policymakers in Brussels and Bonn), participant-observations, surveys, spontaneous conversations, and demographic data. The procedure of analysis was grounded theory, coding of interviews with qualitative data analysis software ATLAS.ti, and data triangulation. . The results show that 10 Key Themes emerged including European Identity, the Erasmus+ Experiences, European Shared Belonging, and Cultural citizenship. Through data triangulation, these students are engaged in citizenship and living this European project dream, during their Erasmus+ stay.In conclusion, this doctoral research probes deeply the larger questions of how are these students practicing citizenship in an uncertain EU and hesitant Europe and how does the German university foster a transformative notion of cultural European citizenship.

"The Osler Society was founded in the Spring of 1921 by a number of undergraduates in Medicine."--Announcement of the Faculty of Medicine for the session 1932-33, page 81. ; Session for 1929/30 includes first reference to the "Osler Library." ; The last "Class List" is in the 91st session of the Medical Faculty and the 19th session of the Dentistry Department. ; Montreal College of Pharmacy, organized as a teaching body in 1867. During the summer of 1916 this College was taken over by McGill University, and a Department of Pharmacy was established in connection with the Faculty of Medicine. ; The 73rd session (1904/05) includes the first session of the Dental Department of the Medical Faculty of McGill University, even though it is not reflected in the cover title." . In the Autumn of 1903 this body approached the university asking that a dental department be instituted, and as a result of negotiations continuing throughout the session of 1903-4, the University has established such a department. This department is not independent, but is a section of the Medical Faculty ." ; With the 75th session (1906/07) a complete list of the graduates students (1877-1905) of Bishop's Medical Faculty." . during the Session of 1905/05 amalgamation was consummated, the Students of Bishop's Medical Faculty to receive under certain conditions an 'ad endem statum'." ; Calendar of the University of McGill College, Montreal. Founded by Bequest of the Hon. James McGill, in 1811; Erected into a University by Royal Charter in 1821; and re-organised by an amended Charter in 1852, session of 1861/62." is the 9th session of this University under its amended charter. Included with the Calendar is the "Proceedings at the inauguration of the William Molson Hall of McGill Uiversity, by His Excellency the Right Hon. Viscount Monck, Governor General of British North America, &c., on Friday afternoon, October 18, 1862. ; Title varies slightly. ; Imprint varies. ; Sessional numbering dropped with 1932/33. ; "Class List" is dropped from calendar with 92nd session. ; Issue for 1901/02 is called the 69th session on pg. 21 of "McGill University General Announcement, Session of 1901/02 but it is called the 70th session on cover and first paragraph of work (69th session designation is omitted). ; The annual announcements for the 34th session (1863/64) of this University, are also known as the 11th session- under its amended Charter. ; The Calendars of 1861/62 also in part constitutes the 29th session of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of McGill College. ; "No sessions were held during the political troubles from 1836-1839." ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Session 1971-72: additional information about the summer sessions laid in. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Sessions 1958-59, 1968-69, 1971-72, 1972-73 contain manuscript annotations. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: bound volumes containing Sessions 94-98, 99-100, 1935/36-1939/40, 1940/41-1944/45: publishers paper wrappers for each volume bound in. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Sessions 91-93: "preliminary announcement of Post Graduate Courses April, 1925" -- laid in at end of volume. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Session 57: disbound; photocopy of title page used to replace original title page; advertisements at beginning and end of volume. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: Registrar's Copy 1852-1950: Sessions 80-83: Class and Honour Lists and Examinations papers for 1910-1911 with publisher's brown paper wrappers bound in. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: Registrar's Copy 1852-1950: Sessions 66-71: "Missing 69th session; no session between 1836-1839" -- note in hand laid in at title page of 70th session. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: Registrar's Copy 1852-1950: Sessions 20-54: contains manuscript annotations. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: laid in session 1901-1902, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine. Tenth annual announcement. Post-graduate course, 1905. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine, Robertson: vendor for session 1901-2, Abebooks. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine, Robertson: vendor for session 1873-4, Hugh Anson-Cartwright Fine Books, Maps & Prints ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Session 1971-72: "M. Farmer" written in hand on page 1 of cover. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Session 49: signed "Henry Thomas Hurdman Oct. 3rd 1881" on page 2 of cover of Session 49; Session 50: signed "H. T. Hurdman, Eardley, Que" on front paper wapper and title page, "H. T. Hurdman McGill University, Montreal" on front paper wrapper, all in contemporary hand. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Session 45: signed "E. H. Bensley" on page 2 of cover; Session 1985/86: signed "E. H. Bensley" on title page. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986:Session 33: "This was given to me by Dr. Narmal(?) L. Burnette (Metropolitan(?) Life Ins. Co.)" -- written on page pasted to verso of paper wrapper. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Session 28: cutout stamp with "O F M Quebec" on page 1 of cover. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Session 24: Bookplate of Victor Morin, Montreal on page 2 of publisher's wrapper. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: "Presented to Medical Library of McGill University by McGill Medical Faculty" -- bookplate on page 2 of cover of volumes containing Sessions 94-98, Sessions 1940/41-1944/45, Sessions 1945-50, Sessions 1960/61-1969/70. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: Registrar's Copy 1852-1950: Osler Library acquisitions slips with "Gift of Dr. E. H. Bensley" attached to flyleaf with paperclip of the volumes containing Sessions 1932-38, 1938-44; slip is tipped in before flyleaf of volume for Sessions 1944-50. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: Registrar's Copy 1852-1950:Sessions 20-54: armorial bookplate of Francis J. Shepherd on page 2 of cover. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: many issues not bound together; still in original paper wrappers. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Sessions 1950-1970: quarter-bound red cloth, black paper over boards, and publisher's red paper wrapper pasted to page 1 of cover; White paper label with binder's title on spine; light grey endpapers. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: McGill Medical Library Copy 1852-1986: Sessions 1852-1960: set bound in contemporary brown cloth; binder's title and date range of volume on spine; imperfect: some volumes lacking covers, spines; some volumes with textblock split; pages foxed, crumbling for many volumes. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: Registrar's Copy 1852-1950: "The Gazette Bindery Montreal" -- binder's ticket on page 3 of cover of the volumes for Sessions 76-79 and Sessions 80-83. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: Registrar's Copy 1852-1950: "Bound by McGill University Library" -- stamped along bottom edge of pastedown on page 2 of cover of the volumes for Sessions 51-58, Sessions 89-94, Sessions 95-100, and Sessions 1932-38. ; Copy in McGill Library's Osler Library of the History of Medicine Robertson: Registrar's Copy 1852-1950: set half-bound in black morocco with blue green cloth over boards; smooth spine with binder's title and date range on spine; imperfect: much rubbed, some covers detached, some spines lacking.

Tables. ; "Printed by order of the Legislative Assembly." ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44