The constitution is often equated with the Constitution as the basic law is written. However, the Constitution of having understanding wider. The Constitution does not only include a written rule that constitution, but the unwritten rule, the basic rules are raised and maintained in the practice of statecraft or called by convention. The Constitution is the constitutional system in the form of written and unwritten rules set out together to govern a country. Where the nature and function of the constitution is there limitation of government power so that the implementation of power is not arbitrary. Thus, the rights of citizens are expected to be protected. 1945 was passed by the state constitution PPKI as Indonesia on August 18, 1945. In practice, the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia has been transformed into constitutional RIS (December 27th 1945- August 17, 1950), later transformed into a Provisional Constitution of 1950 (August 17th 1950s July 5th, 1959), until it became 1945 again but with amendments in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002. An amendment to the 1945 Constitution because their demands strong 1945 changes of society. People feel that the charge 1945 times many are not appropriate.
AbstractThis article aims to analyze the concept of Green Constitution in The Amandment of Constitution of Indonesia. The method used is a normative juridical, with secondary data which analyzed in qualitative. Based on results that Constitution of Indonesia before and after the amendment has accommodated the protection of human and natural resources. Such arrangements outlined in the Preamble and the articles, and sectoral legislation. All policy formulation should be in line with the mandate of Constitution of Indonesia. In the environmental norms into the Constitution, it is expected to minimize environmental damage. Intisari Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis konsep Konstitusi Hijau dalam UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif, dengan data sekunder yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh gambaran bahwa UUD 1945 sebelum dan sesudah amandemen telah mengakomodir perlindungan terhadap manusia dan alam sekitarnya. Pengaturan tersebut dijabarkan pada Pembukaan UUD 1945 dan pasal-pasal serta peraturan sektoralnya. Semua perumusan kebijakan harus sejalan dengan amanat dari UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Dinormakannya lingkungan hidup ke dalam UUD NRI Tahun 1945, maka diharapkan akan meminimalisasi terjadinya pencemaran dan atau kerusakan lingkungan hidup.
Coalition Existence In Presidential System In Indonesia According To The Constitution Of Republic Of Indonesia 1945. The purposes of this research are to determine whether the coalition is conceptually consistent with presidential system according to the Constitution of Republic of Indonesia 1945, it influence to the governance and to the effectiveness check and balances mechanism in implementation of government activities in Indonesia. Researcher is using normative-method with statutory approach, conceptual approach and comparative approach. After compiling legal materials, researcher start perform the analysis of legal documents gradually, related to the issues. Analyses were performed with a consistent and systematic set of activities with a view to obtaining an answer to the existence of the coalition in the presidential system according to the Constitution of Republic of Indonesia 1945. The existence of the coalition in the presidential system in Indonesia is conceptually only intended on election system, not in governance system. In fact, coalition that built in the multi parry and presidential system as Indonesia is not appropriate and impact on governance leading to disharmony among coalition partners and ultimately affect the effectiveness of check and balances mechanism. Thus it can be concluded that, the practice of coalition in presidential system in Indonesia is contrary with the Constitution of Republic of Indonesia 1945. With regard to the impact, coalition in the presidential system is not appropriate. It will lead to disharmony relations among the coalition partners that affect the effectiveness of check and balances mechanism.Keywords : Coalition, Presidential, System
The Constitutional Court of Indonesia has held the followers of the indigenous religion (the Penghayat) can have their own religious identity on their identity card (ID) in 2016. The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia mentions a non-discriminatory principle which has been applied by the Constitutional Court to this case. However, the implementation of the Constitutional Court decision will face challenges and opportunities on the field. The author has used of both normative and empirical methodology by providing related legal information and the result of the interview with the local leader of the indigenous religion as sources of analysing the issues. As the result of the research shows the following challenges for the implementation of the Constitutional Court decision ; a. unification of the laws, b. lack of affirmative action for the followers of the indigenous religions, c. Lack of the updated and integrated administrative data base of the citizens with the Constitutional Court decision, d. religiously and ethnically based politics effecting the decision of public officials to accommodate public services for the followers of the indigenous religions while the following opportunities of the implementation of the Constitution Court decision are the constitutional recognition and protection of the indigenous community, the existence of the National Ombudsman Commission, the rule law principle in the 1945 Constitution, final and legally binding status of the Constitutional Court decision.
The Republic of Indonesia, based on the 1945 Constitution, the second Amendment, recognizes the existence of a Special Region and its distinctive governance. Article 18B, Paragraph (1), of the 1945 Constitution reads, "The State shall recognize and respect entities of regional administration that possess a specificity or a distinctiveness that are to be regulated by law". Previously, the governance of special region was also regulated in the first version of the 1945 Constitution that was stipulated on August 18, 1945. In addition, it is contained in other constitutions that were formerly effective in Indonesia: the 1949 Constitution of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia, and the 1950 UUDS. The clearest arrangements regarding the status of special region were covered by the 1950 UUDS, whereas the 1945 and the 1949 Constitutions do not provide detailed description of special regional government units. This triggers some fundamental questions related to the substance of special region. This study reveals several facts related to the existence and administration of government in special regions. Among other things, the current arrangement does not open up the possibility of forming new special regions and the administration of special region only exists at the provincial level.Substansi Daerah Istimewa Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 AbstrakNegara Republik Indonesia, berdasarkan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Amandemen ke-2, mengakui eksistensi Pemerintahan Daerah yang bersifat Istimewa. Pasal 18B, Ayat (1), UUD 1945 berbunyi, "Negara mengakui dan menghormati satuan-satuan pemerintahan daerah yang bersifat khusus atau bersifat istimewa yang diatur dengan Undang-undang". Sebelumnya, pemerintahan daerah yang bersifat istimewa juga pernah diatur dalam UUD 1945 versi pertama yang ditetapkan 18 Agustus 1945, Konstitusi RIS 1949, dan UUDS 1950. Pengaturan yang jelas mengenai status daerah istimewa tertuang dalam UUDS 1950, sedangkan UUD 1945 dan Konstitusi RIS 1949 tidak memberikan penjelasan rinci mengenai satuan pemerintahan daerah yang bersifat istimewa. Hal tersebut memicu beberapa pertanyaan mendasar terkait makna daerah istimewa. Kajian ini menemukan beberapa fakta terkait eksistensi dan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan di daerah-daerah istimewa. Di antaranya, pengaturan yang ada saat ini tidak membuka kemungkinan pembentukan daerah-daerah istimewa yang baru dan pemerintahan daerah istimewa hanya ada di tingkat provinsi saja.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n2.a6
In the Indonesian Government System, the president is the supreme authority of the government under the 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia. After 4 (four) amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the presidential power experienced a shift in function and role as a result of the magnitude of the flow of political interests, so that almost all the power of the president on the authority of legislation in the 1945 Constitution of the 1945 Constitution largely lacked a permanent legal power and formal juridical. We know that the substance of the authority of presidential legislation if based on the presidential system of government does not exist and is not given real space. Consequently, the president as the mandate of the people's sovereignty must be able to control the system of government even though the fact that there is dominance of the legislative institution to the presidential institution together with the cabinet that is the authority of presidential legislation in the constitution of the state 1945 Constitution has no law forces so that the wheel of development does not run normally -target is planned. The hope is that our country's constitution must be able to guarantee the principle of balance of authority and mutual supervision that governs the legislation of the president against the product of the law. Writing methodology based on the literature review contained in books, papers, newspapers, scientific articles, journals, and legislation as the object under study. The results of the study and analysis conclude: (1) The Veto of the President is not effective when reviewed in the constitutional document of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; (2) The inconsistency of the Presidential Government System of Indonesia with the contents of the articles of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; (3) it is recommended that the fifth amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and the revision of Law Number 12 Year 2011 on the Establishment of Legislation to be followed up by MPR RI and the President; (4) The Presidential Regulation in Lieu of Law, according to the authors must be absolutely given to the President without the intervention of the House of Representatives because the President as Head of State and has the Highest Government Authority under the 1945 Constitution between State Institutions.
The amendment of 1945 Constitution is deemed to have many weaknesses and shortcomings, especially related to the regulate institutional relationship between state institutions. There are some problem related to the obscurity of position of state institutions, the overlapping of duties, functions and authority which lead to the unrealized of checks and balances and the vulnerable for abuse of power. The direction of the arrangement of relationship between state institutions should be: First, to strengthen the implementation and purification of presidential system; Second, to clear up the position of the MPR as a joint session between DPD and DPR in an institutional relationship directed to create a strong bicameralism system; Third, the arrangement of judicial institutions should affirm the concept of MK as the court of law and MA as the court of justice. With the addition of constitutional complaint authority for MK and the authority of the previlegiatum forum for MA. While the arrangement of institutional relationship between MA and KY in supervising the judge should be developed based on the concept of share responsibility; Fourth, to make Attorney General as a constitutional organ that have the same constitutional authority and legal standing as other law enforcement agencies, namely National Police and the Courts (MA and MK). Fifth, the institutionalization of independent state commissions as constitutional organs based on the criteria of having the urgency and function of strengthening the constitutional democratic state and strengthening the mechanism of checks and balances.
This research aims to analyze and to describe the relation between the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia (CC) with the People Representatives' Council and the President of the Republic of Indonesia as legislators by looking on implementation of CC's decision through the legislation in the period 2004-2015. Using doctrinal research, it can be seen how the constitutional mandate in the CC's decision are implemented by the legislator through the legislation. The results are: (a) legal opinions of the CC's decision have a binding power; (b) a constitutional mandate in the legal opinion is intended as guidance for the legislators regarding what the 1945 Constitution requires; (c) directives to the legislator in the legal opinions should be implemented because it is the implementation of the principle of checks and balances according to the 1945 Constitution, (d) implementation of the CC's decisions through legislation does not have standard mechanism and does not become the priority of legislation, and (e) relation between the CC with the legislators can not be categorized in black and white in cooperative or confrontative, but shows ups and downs between cooperative and confrontative relations. Cooperative relations are realized when the constitutional mandate is formulated strongly so it is implemented by the legislator as the formula. Relationships tend to be cooperative in the implementation of the constitutional mandate of the decision, but not a priority of legislation. Meanwhile, the confrontative relations is seen from the constitutional mandate of the CC decisions which are not implemented.
The legislative power after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945) resulted in a shift in legislative authority from the President to the House of Representatives (DPR). The legislative authority after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution predominantly rests with the DPR, however, the President and the Regional Representatives Council are also given the authority to form laws. The powers that be in the DPR do not necessarily make the DPR superior to the President and DPD in terms of legislation. It turns out that the strengthening of the legislative power that is in the DPR as a legislative body cannot prove that the resulting regulations are commensurate with the increased authority obtained after the amendments to the 1945 Constitution. In fact, regulations originating from the President and DPD as executive bodies appear to be more active than those that originate. from the DPR. This study aims to thoroughly analyze and map the legislative power of the DPR as well as the legislative power possessed by the President and DPD because after the amendment the three state institutions have legislative powers, if this happens it will have the potential to reduce the legislative power possessed by the DPR. The type of research used is a type of normative research with a Normative-Analytical approach that uses secondary data sources with primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. ; The legislative power after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945) resulted in a shift in legislative authority from the President to the House of Representatives (DPR). The legislative authority after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution predominantly rests with the DPR, however, the President and the Regional Representatives Council are also given the authority to form laws. The powers that be in the DPR do not necessarily make the DPR superior to the President and DPD in terms of legislation. It turns out that the strengthening of the legislative power that is in the DPR as a legislative body cannot prove that the resulting regulations are commensurate with the increased authority obtained after the amendments to the 1945 Constitution. In fact, regulations originating from the President and DPD as executive bodies appear to be more active than those that originate. from the DPR. This study aims to thoroughly analyze and map the legislative power of the DPR as well as the legislative power possessed by the President and DPD because after the amendment the three state institutions have legislative powers, if this happens it will have the potential to reduce the legislative power possessed by the DPR. The type of research used is a type of normative research with a Normative-Analytical approach that uses secondary data sources with primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials.
The model of local governance has always changed since Indonesian independence, namely centralized and decentralized model. According to Law Number 23 of 2014 and Law Number 6 of 2014 the model of regional government returned to the traditional conservative centralized model. This model is not in accordance with the model of local government initiated by the founding fathers and norms of Article 18 of the 1945 Constitution and norms of Article 18, 18A and 18B of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (after amendment). According to this problem, text research is conducted. The purpose of this study is to compare the models of local governance practiced since the colonial era until now with the model of local government conceived by the founding fathers and the 1945 Constitution. This research is a normative research with content analysis method. The result of the research is that the current system of local government deviates from the founding father conception (Muhammad Yamin, R. Soepomo, and Mohammad Hatta) and the 1945 Constitution. The conception of local government according to the founding fathers and the 1945 Constitution is modern urban decentralized regional government while the regional and village governments are regulated by Law Number 23 of 2014 on The Local Government juncto Law Number 6 of 2014 on The Village is a conservative and traditionally centralized of the local governance model.
