Suchergebnisse

In April 2018, the EU Commission presented a Proposal of Directive -amending Directive 2017/1132- on cross-border conversions, mergers and divisions ("The Proposal"). The Proposal lays down common rules and procedures at the EU level on how a company can move from a Member State to another Member State, merge or divide into two or more new companies across borders. This paper addresses this Proposal focusing mainly on the rules on cross-border conversions. After a brief introduction, Section 2 describes the background of the Proposal and analyses some general questions. Sections 3 through 6 examine the different phases in which a cross-border conversion is structured, with particular attention to the safeguards laid down by the Proposal aimed at the protection of minority shareholders, creditors and employees. Finally, Sections 7 and 8 provide a general assessment of the text and a series of conclusions.

The cooperation between the European Union and Georgia and Armenia began with the collapse of the Soviet Union and communism. The first steps in cooperation were a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement signed in 1999 and the Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States program, the technical and financial assistance for implementation of economic reforms and democratization. Later, the countries were included in the European Neighborhood Policy, the Eastern Partnership, Association Agreements and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement. However, Armenia refused to sign Association Agreement in 2013 and joined Eurasian Customs Union (EACU) Russian led. On the other side, Georgia gained allowance for visa-free travel within the Schengen zone in March 2017. The thesis focuses on answering the research question "What explains the varying level of progress in the relations between the EU and Georgia and the EU and Armenia?" It researched all factors affected the process of Europeanization in Armenia and Georgia and analyzed their political background, achievements and obstacles during the cooperation with the EU. The thesis applies qualitative method of research with the use of content analysis of primary sources. Europeanization and EU external governance provide the theoretical tools necessary for analyzing the different levels of progress made in the relationship between the countries and the EU. ; ÖZ: Avrupa Birliği, Gürcistan ve Ermenistan arasındaki işbirliği Sovyetler Birliği ve komünizmin çöküşüyle başlamıştı. İşbirliğindeki ilk adımlar, 1999'da imzalanan Ortaklık ve İşbirliği Anlaşması ve uygulamaya konulan ekonomik reformlar ve demokratikleşme için teknik ve mali yardım olan TACIS programıdır. Daha sonra ülkeler, Doğu Komşuluk Politikası, Doğu Ortaklığı, Ortaklık Anlaşması ve Derin ve Kapsamlı Serbest Ticaret Alanında yer almıştır. Buna rağmen, Ermenistan 2013'te Ortaklık Anlaşması imzalamayı reddetmiştir ve Avrasya Gümrük Birliği'ne (EACU) liderlik eden Rusya'ya katılmıştır. Öte yandan Gürcistan, Aralık 2017'de Schengen bölgesinde vizesiz seyahat için izin almıştır. Tez, AB ile Gürcistan ve AB ile Ermenistan arasındaki ilişkilerde değişen ilerleme seviyesini anlatmaktadır ve araştırma sorusuna cevap vermeye odaklanmaktadır. Ermenistan ve Gürcistan'da Avrupalılaşma sürecini etkileyen tüm faktörleri araştırmış ve siyasi geçmişlerinde, başarılar ve engellerle karşılaşılmıştır. Tez, nitel araştırma yöntemini, antlaşmalar, anlaşmalar, raporlar gibi birincil kaynakların içerik analizi kullanarak uygulamaktadır. Avrupalılaşma ve AB dış yönetimi, ülkeler ve AB arasındaki ilişkide kaydedilen farklı ilerlemeleri analiz etmek için gerekli teorik araçları sağlamaktadır. ; Master of Arts in International Relations. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of International Relations, 2017. Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Nuray Ibryamova.

Statelessness is a global phenomenon which is also present in the European Union. At the end of 2018, UNHCR estimated the total number of stateless persons in the European Union plus Norway at 399 283 individuals. This includes both stateless individuals and persons of undetermined nationality. UNHCR and UNICEF also estimate that, in 2017, there were 2 100 children registered stateless in Europe, a fourfold increase since 2010. Article 1 of the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons defines a stateless person as 'a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law'. Statelessness is a legal anomaly, which can prevent those concerned from accessing fundamental human, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. As a result, such persons often live in conditions of protracted marginalisation and discrimination, facing numerous difficulties, such as the inability to receive medical assistance, enrol in educational programmes, acquire property, obtain legal employment, marry or open a bank account. Even though statelessness can occur in various contexts, its most common causes include state succession, ill-defined or discriminatory nationality laws, and arbitrary deprivation of nationality. Statelessness can also be a consequence of forced displacement and forced migration and can result when people face difficulties accessing civil registration documents, including birth certificates, necessary to acquire or confirm nationality.

The UK's departure from the EU represents a unique process of disintegration that fundamentally changes EU–UK relations. This paper discusses the nature of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) as the new basis of EU–UK relations, as well as its sustainability, legitimacy and effectiveness. It finds a thin and unfinished relationship with inbuilt possibility for better or for worse, but with politics pointing to growing estrangement and divergence over time. The loss of trust over the last five years has been bleeding into all levels of the relationship, raising the question whether the technocratic governance structure can work in the high-friction context of EU–UK relations. Given the UK's economic and political weight in Europe, the paper looks at the implications for differentiation within the EU and between the EU and third countries. It illustrates how the introduction of a new mode of external differentiation in Europe – a former member state with no intention of membership in the future – impacts existing modes of differentiation. It finds that the reality of Brexit suggests a more hard-line approach towards third countries, sending the message to members and non-members alike that membership matters. Flexibilities are thus a benefit for EU member states that have signed up to the EU's core principles in full. The paper concludes that the EU needs to stay attentive to evolving perceptions of Brexit, and show that EU membership remains attractive, also for candidate countries, and is a relevant framework for dealing with global challenges that cannot effectively be addressed at the national level.