Suchergebnisse

Reprinted for private circulation from The Journal of political economy, vol. XXXI, no. 6, December, 1923. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Introduction, by C. G. Crump.--The Christian life, by F. M. Powicke.--Art: Medieval architecture, by W. R. Lethaby. Medieval sculpture, by Paul Vitry. Decorative and industrial arts, by Marcel Aubert.--Literature: Some aspects of medieval Latin literature, by Claude Jenkins. Vernacular literature, by Cesare Foligno. Handwriting, by E. A. Lowe.--Philosophy, by C. R. S. Harris.--Education, by J. W. Adamson.--Law: Customary law, by the late Sir Paul Vinogradoff. Canon law, by Gabriel Le Bras. Roman law, by Edouard Meynial.--The position of women, by Eileen Power.--The economic activity of towns, by N. S. B. Gras.--Royal power and administration, by Charles Johnson.--Political thought, by E. F. Jacob. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In: Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat und Lawrence H. Schiffman (eds.), Comprehending Antisemitism through the Ages: A Historical Perspective (= An End to Antisemitism 3). Berlin-Boston: DeGruyter, 2021, S. 183-215

The topic "Drishti in the Middle Ages", includes a period characterized by significant development in the social, economic, cultural and political sphere, not only in the city but also in Albania in general during the Middle Ages. Drishti as many cities of Albania was founded during the Middle Ages, reaching a high development state which placed the city among the ranks of other medieval cities not only in Albania but even further in the region. As evidence of these developments are the achievements in the field of legislation, the developments in the economic, social, religious and cultural life.Keywords: Drishti, Albania, the Republic of Venice, George II Strazimir, Balsha III, Stefan Lazarevic, George Brankoviq.

Translation of "Die Publicistischen Lehren des Mittelalters" (section of v. 3 of the author's "Das Deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht") ; "List of authorities": p. [lxiii]-lxxvii. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The Middle Ages, and ideas about modern culture drawn from or rooted in the medieval period, have found themselves recurring with alarming frequency within recent political discourse. From President Bush's crusade rhetoric surrounding the War on Terror to the Far Right's location of White nationalism within an ongoing framework of medieval nation‐founding, the past has increasingly been used in the service of the present. In their more egregious forms—such as the rise of White supremacist movements in Europe, the USA, and Australia and their amalgamation into mainstream political discourse—the use of medieval national and cultural memories has led to a whitewashing of the medieval past. This article argues that these instances of medievalism are not simply inaccuracies but come about through a recirculation of vague ideas about the Middle Ages through online in‐groups. Consequently, such political uses of the medieval past are often what have been termed "banal" medievalisms in the sense that they are not always intended as deliberate references to history by useful appropriations in the service of the present.

The period between the 11th and 12th centuries is usually indicated as an age of transition from the early to late Middle Ages. The paper aims at focusing on the continuities and discontinuities in this time, and specifically on how the search for new models and new procedures for the administration of justice played a 'constitutional' role, just as it would in many other historical eras to follow. From this perspective, the emergence of positiones in the judicial practices and in the ordines iudiciorum provides an interesting point of view in order to investigate, on one hand, whether the parties were more interested to go to trial or to settle their disputes by negotiations, and, on the other hand, to understand the legal policy of the medieval governments between two conflicting interests: to ensure justice ascertaining the truth and to re-establish peace through arbitration procedures and avoid malicious litigation which might slow down the course of justice. ; Il periodo compreso tra 11 e 12 secolo è normalmente indicato come età di transizione tra alto e basso medioevo. Lo scritto intende mettere a fuoco gli elementi di continuità e di discontinuità di questo periodo soprattutto con riguardo al fatto che la ricerca di nuovi modelli e di nuove procedure per l'amministrazione della giustizia giocò un ruolo 'costituzionale', non diversamente da quanto avvenuto in altri periodi successivi. In questa prospettiva, l'emergere delle positiones nelle prassi giudiziarie e negli ordines iudiciorum offre un interessante punto di vista per verificare, da un lato, se le parti fossero più interessate a andare in giudizio o a risolvere le loro controversie in via negoziale; dall'altro per comprendere la politica giudiziaria degli ordinamenti medievali tra due interessi tendenzialmente contrastanti: quello di assicurare giustizia con l'accertamento della verità e quello di ristabilire la pace sociale tramite arbitrati evitando così con l'abuso del processo il rischio di rallentare la giustizia. ; Ciencias Religiosas ; Derecho

The origins of 'our' Europe can be traced back to when the barbarian peoples settled in Romanized Europe between the 5th and 8th centuries . As it is well known, this led to both a clash and an integration of profoundly different identities, cultures and societies. As these fluid communities came to coexist , everyday life came to be defined by respect to diversity and a two way cultural exchange in the name of the peace and order. And this was not just everyday practice - it was also reflected in the work of legislators and justice.

In the first centuries of the barbarian kingdoms the most striking feature is the gens, the tribe, as the principle of unity, even if the ethnic homogeneity often was missing. The myth of the Germanic State of the early Middle Ages was in the first place a myth of the common origin of the gens.These histories of tribal origins have some times been influenced by powerful Ancient literary patterns, especially the Trojan myth of Virgil. But the concern of presenting the origin of the gens in mythical form is no doubt Germanic. And it seems probable that the tribal origins are more ancient than the genealogies of royal families with alleged divine ancestors. The kingship among the Germanic tribes was secondary in relation to the tribe. The king was rex Francorum; the king of a certain country or geographic territory is a later conception. The power comes from below; the king is an exponent of the tribe. All the Germanic words for "king" are derivations from terms for "kin, people, tribe." The limitation of the power of the king is also indicated by institutions like the right to resistence, the possibility to depose the king, the participation by all free men in the judicial and criminal procedure through self-help and blood feud.

The early medieval gilds of northwest Europe were very different from their later medieval descendants. They were not specifically urban or economic in focus, instead being based on religious devotion, feasting and mutual protection, usually among members united by status and geography. Treatment of gilds differed sharply between the two main representatives of the tradition in the region: the Carolingian Empire and Anglo-Saxon England. In the former, gilds were vilified as coniurationes, spontaneous oath-bound associations, which rulers feared might undermine their authority and that of the hierarchy they represented. But in the latter gilds flourished, especially in the tenth and eleventh centuries, when England produced the first gild statutes of medieval Europe. This contribution examines these two traditions, and the reasons for the break between them. Emphasis is placed on differing visions of governmentality, participation and hierarchy. The Carolingian ruling establishment broached no meaningful governmental or legal action by autonomous associations, and actively suppressed (or, at best, defused) gild action. In England, however, gilds fitted into a more diverse ecology of legal and administrative authority, gaining prominence as vehicles for the collective representation of a new yet important cohort of small landowners or thegns.

Kings, aristocrats, peasants, and the Church are among the shared features of most early medieval societies. However, these also varied dramatically in time and space. Can petty regional kings, for instance, be compared to those in charge of a whole empire? Scale is a crucial factor in modelling, explaining, and conceptualizing the past. Furthermore, many issues that historians and archaeologists treat independently can be theorized together as processes of scale decrease or increase: the appearance of complex societies, the rise and collapse of empires, changing world-systems, and globalization. While a subject of much discussion in fields such as ecology, geography, and sociology, scale is rarely theorized by archaeologists and historians. This book highlights the potential of the concepts of scale and scale change for comparing and explaining medieval socio-spatial processes. It integrates regional and temporal variations in the fragmentation of the Roman world and the emergence of medieval polities, which are often handled separately by late antique and early medieval specialists. The result of a three-year research project, the nine case studies in this volume offer fresh insights into early medieval rural society while combining their individual subjects to generate a wider explanatory framework. ; Peer reviewed

I. Galton, A. Ecclesiastical architecture.--II. Gotch, J.A. Domestic architecture.--III. Oman, C.W.C. Military architecture, and art of war.--IV. Hartshorne, A. Costume, military and civil.--V. Barnard, F.P. Heraldry.--VI. Oppenheim, M. Shipping.--VII. Smith, Lucy T. Town life.--VIII. Warner, G.T. Country life.--IX. Jessopp, A. Monasticism.--X. Leedam, I.S. Trade and commerce.--XI. Rait, R.S. Learning and education.--XII. Rushforth, G. McN. Art.--Glossary.--Index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Historians have generally argued that the feudal system in the later Middle Ages in England had declined into obsolescence, at least as far as the aristocracy were concerned, and little has been written in the last half-century on the subject. Yet not only were the greater landowners assiduous in keeping records of tenants holding land from them by knight's service, serjeanty and socage, but evidence from these sources suggests that feudal rights and duties remained important. Revenues from feudal incidents (honorial courts, escheats, wardships and feudal aids) were fluctuating but often lucrative sources of income, though they had declined from thirteenth-century heights and were subject in the later fourteenth and fifteenth century to both political fluctuations and variability in quality of lordship. Lords also continued to insist on the personal performance of homage; the numbers involved, the high-status buildings in which the ceremony was performed (usually before important witnesses) and the solemnity of the ceremony itself suggest that homage was more important in the later Middle Ages than is generally acknowledged. Feudal tenants, indeed, played a significant part in aristocratic affinities. Defined in narrow terms as a system of relationships, feudalism was not moribund.

Existing studies find little connection between living standards and mortality in England, but go back only to the sixteenth century. Using new data on inheritances, we extend estimates of mortality back to the mid-thirteenth century and find, by contrast, that deaths from unfree tenants to the nobility were strongly affected by harvests. Looking at a large sample of parishes after 1540, we find that the positive check had weakened considerably by 1650 even though real wages were falling, but persisted in London for another century despite its higher wages. In both cases the disappearance of the positive check coincided with the introduction of systematic poor relief, suggesting that government action played a role in breaking the link between harvest failure and mass mortality.

The article contains a description of the development of Czech-Polish relations in the Middle Ages. The author divides Czech-Polish relations in the Middle Ages into three periods. The first period (10th–12th centuries) is characterised by frequent conflicts and rivalry in the struggle for dominion over East-Central Europe. The second period (from the beginning of the 13th century to the 1330s) is characterized by more peaceful relations and the subsequent expansion of Czech power into Silesia and Poland. This period ends in the 1330s, when the newly-established power and political arrangements were formally accepted. The third period (from the 1330s to the beginning of the 16th century) sees a growth in mutual sympathies between the two nations and, at the same time, the rejection of the Czech "heresy" by the Poles. This resulted in the Czech throne being taken up by a Polish dynasty.