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For decades, the theoretical discussion on justice has been unsuccessfully looking for convincing solutions to the moral problems connected to the persistence of (porous) borders in international politics. These problems are especially striking when one looks at the mismatch between the claims of international migrants and the arguments deployed by several contemporary liberal states in order to justify the rejection of those claims. Critically analysing how the most influential accounts of domestic and global justice deal with the issue of migration, the essay reveals the main weaknesses of the two approaches. It is argued that while theories of justice focusing on domestic justice seem unable to transcend the dichotomous logic of inclusion and exclusion because of their partial and biased interpretation of the phenomenon of migration, theories of global justice offer a multidimensional and well-balanced reading of international migration, but the solutions they propose do not rely on an accurate reading of the impact of global political dynamics on the management of international migration. In order to overcome the weaknesses of both approaches, a new research agenda is needed. ; Durante décadas la discusión teórica sobre la justicia ha estado buscando sin éxito soluciones convincentes a los problemas morales relacionados con la persistencia de fronteras (permeables) en la política internacional. Estos problemas son particularmente sorprendentes cuando se observa el desfase entre las reclamaciones de derechos (legales) de los migrantes internacionales y los argumentos esgrimidos por algunos estados liberales contemporáneos para rechazar estas. Analizando de forma crítica cómo las teorías más influyentes de justicia nacional y global afrontan la cuestión de las migraciones, el ensayo destaca los principales puntos débiles de los dos enfoques. Se expone que mientras que las teorías que se concentran en la justicia nacional no parecen ser capaces de trascender la dicotomía lógica inclusión/ exclusión a causa de su interpretación parcial y sesgada del fenómeno de las migraciones, las teorías de justicia global ofrecen una lectura multidimensional y equilibrada de las migraciones internacionales, pero no consiguen proponer soluciones basadas en una lectura adecuada del impacto de las dinámicas de la política global en la gestión local de los migrantes. Para superar las debilidades de las dos visiones es necesario un nuevo programa de investigación.

The aim of the article is considered the conceptual reconstruction of the relationship between postmodern feminism and the notional field of contemporary neoliberalism. The analytical methods used were based on the assertion that the complexity of textual interventions requires interdisciplinary approaches. The findings and results of the research carried out accentuate that COVID-19 has contributed greatly to the contradictions of the current global landscape in the contexts of neoliberalism and feminism. Feminism asserts as a discourse that the conceptual apparatus of neoliberalism has not served its goals; in fact, postfeminism has not yet chosen its route in the neoliberal context. The assumption that women cannot win their "vindication battle" in the world where "the game is fixed" continues to be taken as an axiom, even though the coronavirus pandemic causes some observers to proclaim the return of influential governments and social contracts. The latter accentuates the role of female representation in neoliberal social, cultural, and political discourses at the global level.

Margaret Kohn y Keally McBride, Political Theories of Decolonization. Postcolonialism and the Problem of Foundations. Nueva York, Oxford University Press, 2011.

Margaret Kohn y Keally McBride, Political Theories of Decolonization. Postcolonialism and the Problem of Foundations. Nueva York, Oxford University Press, 2011.

1-. International relations (IR) theory has suffered a restructuring among several lines over the past two decades. The gradual but uninterrupted decline of systemic theories - primus inter pares in the discipline since the 1970s- is one of those. (1) This decline was accompanied by a rise of those approaches that privilege domestic politics as the place to look for answers. For reasons I will develop below, such an intellectual step was logical, expected, and partially appropriate. (2) While the current state of affairs should not be seen as immutable and a systemic comeback is plausible, the truth is that domestic politics, and non-systemic approaches in general, are well entrenched in a semi-hegemonic position. In this essay I will explain the reasons behind the aforementioned shift, assess its consequences, and advance some hypotheses on the future of systemic theories of IR.2-. Born between the interwar period and the dawn the Cold War world, IR was created with the explicit objective of explaining the causes of war –particularly great wars, understood under the lenses of the two devastating conflicts of the first half of the 20th century. Since then, IR scholars have struggled to respond to the main challenges –or what they perceive as the main challenges- in world politics. (3) This "duty" to explain the world drives theory to follow the patterns of change in international politics, which, as they develop, suggest new problématiques and novel ways to approach them. In important ways then –although, as discussed later, this is not the whole picture- (4) a sociology of inquiry is needed to better understand some of the key transformations in IR theory -e.g. the shift from systemic to domestic theories. Systemic approaches (5) made their meteoric rise under the shelter of K. Waltz's Neorealism. (6) They were created as a tool for a particular time with particular problems. (7) This was a world in which the primary preoccupation was how to manage the bilateral relationship between the United States and the USSR so that it would not en up in World War III. There were certainly other interests in the discipline, but this one outweighed all the rest. A Cold War context made systemic theories very appropriate. Needless to say, the bipolar conflict had been in place a long time before Waltz's path-breaking Theory of International Politics. (8) The essential point is, however, that Neorealism proved to be very successful in explaining the basic patterns of interest in this particular period of the history of IR –i.e. dynamics of polarity, relevance of nuclear weapons, consequences of anarchy and its relationship with war and cooperation, inter alia- in a more parsimonious and convincing way than the discipline had ever been able to do.The IR community recognized this "Copernican turn", as Waltz defined it, as progress and systemic approaches were established as mainstream, maybe even as "normal science." Anyone trying to explain something in international politics had to reckon with the system. This was true for realists (see the work of Gilpin, Walt, and Grieco) but also for scholars with a line of inquiry that differed substantially from Waltz's (see Keohane's Cooperation after Hegemony for a good example). 3-. A dramatic event that shakes the bases of an academic discipline is sometimes needed to motivate scholars to devise new lines of inquiry and surpass research programs that appear to be losing heuristic power. This is what the fall of the Soviet Union did with Neorealism, and systemic approaches in general. (9) Structural realism was in many ways, and problematically so, a theory for the Cold War. Its discussion on nuclear weapons, bipolarity, uncertainty, and superpower dynamics seemed to be too tied to a specific historical context. (10) The inability of neorealism, or any other systemic theory for that matter, to foresee –or even explain- the disappearance of the bipolar world –a systemic change par excellence-supposed a hard blow to its appeal. (11) Both the fall of the USSR and the subsequent appearance (or uncovering, once the Cold War veil was lifted) of new "themes" in international politics -IPE, civil wars, the role of leaders, the democratic peace, inter alia- opened a fertile camp over which to argue for the need to "go beyond systemic theory." (12) I argued supra that this was an appropriate move (or partially appropriate). But the reasons implicitly inferred up to know -failure in predicting events and a crisis in the IR community (in a Kuhnian sense)- cannot support this claim. The other face of the coin is that the thorough self-examination of the 1990s also responded to internal problems of systemic theories as research programs. For example, in the 1980s the discipline was stuck in the mud of absolute vs. relative gains debate, a degenerative discussion from a Lakatosian perspective. (13) Visible problems of heuristic power were calling for a partial move beyond the system. This was the real cause for the shift, and the best argument to characterize it as "appropriate". The exogenous shock (fall of the USSR) had the role, not at all minor, of opening a window of opportunity for dissenting scholars. Helen Milner was one of the most eloquent advocates for this turn. Her argument, in short, was that "systemic theory simply cannot take us far enough" (Milner, 1992). The assumption that anarchy was the principal variable defining states preferences and the primacy of a straight causal line from the system to the state and then to policy-making was excessively simplistic, Milner argued. How could the discipline solve this quagmire? By studying domestic politics to understand states' preferences and, consequently, the differing patterns of conflict and cooperation in international politics. (14) As Milner contended: "…cooperation may be unattainable because of domestic intransigence, and not because of the international system." (15) A reaction against systemic theories was not exclusive to the liberal trenches. Following this turn toward domestic politics, some realist scholars directed their efforts at the incorporation of domestic variables as a way to add complexity to systemic models that they saw as too crude. In his From Wealth to Power, F. Zakaria argued that anarchy and the distribution of power were not enough to explain the behavior of rising powers. After observing that at the end of the 19th century the US was not as assertive as a structural approach would have predicted, he hypothesized that this was because it did not have the governmental capacity to do so. To solve this puzzle he argued for the incorporation of models of resource extraction and governmental capability to try to get through the Neorealist corset. This was an important intra-realist challenge to a somewhat ossified systemic realism. (16)The rise of domestic approaches represented a generalized discontentment with the excessive importance given to parsimony and the inflexibility that came with it. Parsimony, which should be no more than a tool in theory building, was placed as a goal in itself, restricting research in a way that went against the discipline's own progress. Those boundaries had to be overcome if we wanted to say something about some of the important issues left unstudied by a focus on the system. Once again, the Cold War world with its apparently clear strategic problems may have seemed more propitious to a highly parsimonious approach to theory building. In a post Cold War world, the costs of parsimony were too heavy. Domestic theories certainly lost in parsimony, but they gained in a more real approach to IR problématiques. This was the primary rationale behind the turn here discussed, and in this limited sense, the shift was appropriate. (17)4-. It would be nice to unambiguously assert that the fall of systemic theories made IR a coherent and progressive discipline. This, unfortunately, is not the case. The past two decades have seen the formation of a different ethos of theory building and discipline development that may end up doing more harm than good to our broader understanding of international politics. Something not mentioned up to now is the ascent of quantitative and strategic-choice approaches in the discipline. Quantitative approaches gained prominence by the same time that, and related to, domestic theories were supplanting systemic theories. (18) Strategic choice and game theory, following developments in other academic areas -especially economics-, also gained importance in the 1990s under the idea of formalizing theories and going beyond the "isms." There is nothing wrong with these approaches per se. Quantitative work has been very important in the empirical development of IR -maybe too neglected in the past. Formal theory, on the other hand, is a powerful and clear tool to build and evaluate theories while avoiding problems of underspecification all too common in the discipline –though, this is only true if one can get through its assumptions. (19)The problems of this new "methodological bets" are to be found in the costs for the general development of the discipline. The most pressing are the ones related to the idea that theory construction should be a bottom to top affair, and the implicit notion that by building the parts individually we will eventually end up in a progressive accumulation of theoretical knowledge. However, this epistemological decision may well result in the proliferation of particularistic theories of problems ever more sophisticatedly studied, increasingly particular and micro, and in crescendo uninteresting. (20) By depending on a kind of magical automatic accumulation of theoretical knowledge we are risking to end up with an even more chaotic and incoherent discipline (more on this in the conclusion). 5-. As said in the introduction, the fall of grace of systemic theories cannot be taken as an irreversible given; it is possible to devise some scenarios in which systemic approaches could make a comeback.The first one is linked to the relationship between theory and History discussed earlier. The post Cold War world, particularly the 1990s, was a strange period for the discipline. The study of IR has historically dealt with great power politics as its core. The "curious" 1990s came with a certain absence of great power politics, especially due to the overwhelming power position of the US. This goes a long way in explaining the growing emphasis on domestic politics, civil wars, international organizations, inter alia, during those years. A partial return of classical great power politics (or the perception of it) -for example under the banner of the rise of China and some other middle powers- might motivate a recasting of systemic theories -particularly for those wanting to study polarity (a passé topic in the unipolar 1990s), (21) systemic change and its consequences, etc. (22)Another plausible scenario would be the success of some of the ongoing projects to make systemic theories more sophisticated and comprehensive by, for example, incorporating domestic variables. A good example is "Neo-classical Realism" (see fn. 16). This research project proceeds from a systemic assumption of the influences of the system (that is, a neorealist basis) but incorporates domestic politics as an intervening variable between systemic pressures and decision-making. Though a rather interesting proto-school, Neoclassical Realism is still in its infant stages and has yet to produce work of remarkable characteristics. Lastly, domestic politics, as should have been expected, were not the panacea for the development of IR theory. There might well be a social exhaustion with the results of domestic and micro-theory –a Kuhnian crisis analogous to the one that discredited systemic theories. This may eventually take IR on unexpected paths. Nevertheless, if measured by academic output and Geist, predicting a comeback of systemic approaches seems a risky bet. The discipline appears to be quite comfortable with increasing its empirical production, formalizing theories towards an Icarian "scientism", and avoiding, at its own peril, a "wholist" view of international politics. 6-. Going beyond systemic theories –not in the sense of vanishing them, but of relaxing some of their strictures, increasing their sophistication, and trying new approaches- was the necessary thing to do for a methodology that was unable to cope with many of the relevant problems in IR. The turn to domestic and particularistic perspectives brought much needed renovation, indeed. However, the excesses incurred by systemic theorists as a result of an obsession with parsimony and structural effects may now seem analogous (although for the opposite reasons) to a fixation with the particular and micro-level studies in contemporary IR theory. A blind push to obtain ever more data of increasingly micro phenomena puts at risk what we can say about international relations in general. We may, for example, be more much prepared to sophisticatedly answer why a specific insurgent group responded in a specific way to the level of aggression of a specific state, (23) but we may also be losing our interest and capacity to think about the nature of conflict in its most elemental condition. The stakes are too high for the IR community to avoid an honest discussion on how far we are willing to continue on this path. (1) This essay works with the assumption of a relative decline of systemic apporaches. To argue that they have vanished would be utterly incorrect. For a convincing argument on the inevitability of structural constraints see Jervis'sSystem Effects.(2) Although a change may be welcomed, the results are not always as encouraging as expected (more on this qualification of "appropriate" later).(3) This does not mean, of course, that there is an exclusive focus on policy or immediacy, It means that in its most basic essence, the idea of the discipline is to be able to provide some answers to the pressing problems in the international system. To give an example, few people would be interested in studying the prospects of war between France and Germany in the 21st century per se –though it surely is studied as a historical case that can shed light on other issues-, while this was one of the main topics in the nascent IR discipline.(4) Social science does not progress only by exogenous shocks, but also for endogenous reasons that cannot be explained by what happens outside theoretical disscusions.(5) Understood simply as those that privilege the influence of the structure over the behavior of the units.(6) This type of theories certainly were not born with Waltz; systemic is a much broader category than Neorealism. The important point is that Waltz devised the more convincing type of systemic theory. For simplicity, Waltz' Neorelism will be used here as the epitome and a kind of proxy for systemic theory. (7) It must be said that the rise of systemic theories also responded to changes in the social sciences in general; for example, the influence of structuralist anthorpoligist Levi-Strauss' work, which Waltz knew well.(8) Theories of IR before Waltz hosted a diverse group of analysts: Classical realism from the hand of a Hans Morgenthau, Geroge Kennan and Raymond Aron; liberal approaches from a Stanley Hoffman, Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye; Bureacratic Organization and foreign policy from a Graham Allison; and a long et cetera.(9) See R. N. Lebow, "The Long Peace, the End of the Cold War and the Failure of Realism."(10) See I. Oren's Our Enemies and US: America´s Rivalries and the Making of Political Science.(11) As with its rise the decline of systemic theories was also linked to broader transformations in the world of ideas, to which IR seems to always be a latecomer. From a broad perspective, this phenomenon had started in the 1960s with the work of Foucault, Derrida, Geertz and others.(12) The end of the immediate preoccupation with bipolarity also gave the opportunity to rethink some long-term historical problems of Neorealism (see Schroeder 1994).(13) Some of the scholars engaged in this deabate were: Keohane, Grieco, Axelrod, and Mastanduno; cf. Milner (1992).(14) In another article in International Organization (1987) she argues that to understand the way in which states make decisions in the international economy it is not enough to look at anarchy. Her model studies the type of economic links between countries (high or low interdependence) and the influence of interests groups that may pressure the state to make particular decisions; these policy outcomes would have been incomprehensible from a systemic/anarchic stance. According to Milner, there is an important dynamic of preference construction and strategies adopted that are to be found in domestic politics.(15) See also Putnam (1988) for an interesting effort to move beyond lists of domestic factors and towards a coherent two level theory.(16) This line of research has been given the title of Neoclassical Realism (see G. Rose 1998). See the work of R. Schweller, J. Taliaferro, A. Friedberg, and T. Christensen.(17) Systemic theories were also attached to what has been discussed as the "paradigm wars" between realism, liberalism, constructivism, etc. The turn away from them can also be given credit for helping to discredit this unproductive way of theorizing.(18) This trend was tied to the notoriety of the "democratic peace" project that was, and still is, an empirical enterprise at its core. See Russett and Oneal (1999); cf. Gartzke (2007).(19) See Wagner, War and the State, and Lake and Powell Strategic Choice and International Relations.(20) This is not the nature of all the work in this approach, of course, but just a possible trend of the school as a whole. See Walt's "Rigor or Rigor Mortis" for a sharp, but not always convincing, critique.(21) For an exception see the work by N. Monteiro on unipolarity. This does not mean that polarity disappeared from the IR map, but it was certainly shrinked as a research question.(22) Some young scholars on this line of research are: P. MacDonald, J. Parent, D. Kliman and M. Beckley.(23) See Jason Lyall's "Does Indiscriminate Violence Incite Insurgent Attacks? Evidence from Chechnya" To be fair, Lyall's work attempts to generalize from this specific case –how convincing he is not very clear, however. *Ph.D. StudentDepartment of Political ScienceUniversity of Pennsylvania.E-mail: gcastro@sas.upenn.edu

Este artículo se propone repasar algunos aprendizajes derivados de las teorías performativas de la identidad para reflexionar sobre la performatividad de las teorías. Aún cuando es vital examinar críticamente la capacidad de agencia y materialidad que portan los discursos científicos—discursos por excelencia autorizados sobre todo cuando se inscriben en el centro más que en los márgenes del quehacer hegemónico—una de las preguntas que busco colocar y compartir es si la noción de performatividad es la mejor manera de hacerlo. Tomando el constructivismo como casi postura de sentido común en los investigadores sociales contemporáneos, me interesa revisar algunas de sus ficciones reguladoras—como la de la contrastividad—para señalar ciertos efectos teóricos, políticos y etnográficos que resultan de basar los análisis en una "performatividad cliché". ; This article aims to review some knowledge derived from performative theories of identity to reflect on the performativity of the theories. Even though it is vital to critically examine the capacity of agency and materiality that carries scientific discourse – a discourse autho-rized by excellence, especially when it takes place more in the center than at the margins of the hegemonic activity – one of the questions that I want to offer and share is if the notion of performativity is the best way of doing so. Taking constructivism as a quasi posture of common sense in contemporary social investigators, I am interested in revising some of their regulatory fictions – like the one of contrastivity – to point out certain theoretical, political and ethnographic effects that result from basing analysis on a "cliché of performativity". ; Neste artigo propõe-se revisar alguns conhecimentos derivados das teorias performativas da identidade, para meditar sobre a performatividade das teorias. Ainda quando é vital examinar criticamente na capacidade da agencia e da materialidade que levam os discursos científicos- discursos autorizados sobre tudo os que inscrevem-se no centro mais que nas margens do ofício hegemônico. Uma das perguntas que eu procuro pôr e compartilhar é se a noção de performatividade é a melhor maneira de fazê-lo. Pegando o constructivismo com uma postura de sentido comum nos pesquisadores sociais contemporâneos, interessa me repasar algumas de suas ficções reguladoras, como a contrastividade para sinalizar al-guns efetos teóricos, políticos e etnograficos que é o produto de basear os analises numa "performatividade cliché". ; Fil: Briones, Claudia Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio; Argentina

This article analyses the transformation of political language initiated with the Latin translations of Aristotle's ethical and political works in the 13th century. This transformation gives rise to a political paradigm that gravitates around the notion of a kingdom. In this paradigm, in which Aquinas plays a central role, the king is not characterised any longer by his wielding power, but by his being a "people's vicar". This political tradition contrasts both with the republicanism of some Italian politicians of the time, and with the Modern understanding of a nation-state. This article deals with Thomistic humanism as a rival to other humanistic views of the Renaissance. ; El artículo analiza la transformación que se produce en el lenguaje político a partir de las traducciones al latín de las obras éticas y políticas de Aristóteles en el siglo XIII. Se destaca el papel central de Tomás de Aquino, que inaugura la tradición tomista dentro de la cual se elabora un paradigma político que tiene el reino como núcleo. Dentro de este paradigma el rey no es caracterizado desde el punto de vista del poder, sino como "vicario de la multitud". Esta tradición política es alternativa al republicanismo de algunos pensadores políticos italianos y a la razón de estado que acabará triunfando en la modernidad. El artículo habla de un humanismo tomista alternativo a los otros humanismos del renacimiento.

This paper tries to review the abundant and scattered scientific literature in order to identify the main scientific explanations of the globalization process. The global objective is to build a meta-theoretical perspective that allows us to develop a more analytical globalization theory to avoid the political debate traps. Diverse theories are analysed using a historical and analytical approach to detect the explanatory mechanism proposed to interpret globalization. Four main approaches have been found: the thesis of international trade, the modernization thesis, the technological thesis and the thesis of capitalism. Afterwards, the paper tries to make a critical appraisal of the four globalization thesis. Finally, the article concludes discussing the postmodern criticism to the modern character of the globalization theory. ; Este artículo trata de revisar la abundante y dispersas literatura científica con el objetivo de identificar las principales explicaciones del proceso de globalización. El objetivo es construir una perspectiva meta-teórica que nos permita desarrollar una teoría de la globalización más analítica para evitar las trampas del debate político. Las diferentes teorías son analizadas utilizando una aproximación histórica y analítica para detectar el mecanismo explicativo propuesto para interpretar la globalización. Se han encontrado cuatro aproximaciones principales: la tesis del comercio, la tesis de la modernización, la tesis tecnológica y la tesis del capitalismo. Después, el artículo trata de hacer una evaluación crítica de las cuatro tesis sobre la globalización. Por último, concluye discutiendo las críticas posmodernas al carácter moderno de la teoría de la globalización.

Este artículo trata de revisar la abundante y dispersas literatura científica con el objetivo de identificar las principales explicaciones del proceso de globalización. El objetivo es construir una perspectiva meta-teórica que nos permita desarrollar una teoría de la globalización más analítica para evitar las trampas del debate político. Las diferentes teorías son analizadas utilizando una aproximación histórica y analítica para detectar el mecanismo explicativo propuesto para interpretar la globalización. Se han encontrado cuatro aproximaciones principales: la tesis del comercio, la tesis de la modernización, la tesis tecnológica y la tesis del capitalismo. Después, el artículo trata de hacer una evaluación crítica de las cuatro tesis sobre la globalización. Por último, concluye discutiendo las críticas posmodernas al carácter moderno de la teoría de la globalización. ; This paper tries to review the abundant and scattered scientific literature in order to identify the main scientific explanations of the globalization process. The global objective is to build a meta-theoretical perspective that allows us to develop a more analytical globalization theory to avoid the political debate traps. Diverse theories are analysed using a historical and analytical approach to detect the explanatory mechanism proposed to interpret globalization. Four main approaches have been found: the thesis of international trade, the modernization thesis, the technological thesis and the thesis of capitalism. Afterwards, the paper tries to make a critical appraisal of the four globalization thesis. Finally, the article concludes discussing the postmodern criticism to the modern character of the globalization theory. ; Este artículo forma parte de una investigación más amplia para la que se contó con financiación a través de una Beca de movilidad postdoctoral para PDI concedida por la URJC y el Banco de Santander Universidades en su convocatoria 2012-13, que se realizó en el Institut für Asien und Afrikawissenschaften de la Humboldt-Universität zu Berlín (Alemania).

The following article presents a theoretical ap­proach to paradiplomacy as an indispensable element in the development of contemporary international relations, which today is cha­racterized by a diversity of actors that has led subnational entities and non-governmental organizations to achieve ample room for ma­neuver in the solution of problems that until recently only concerned States. In this way, this article provides a theoretical and conceptual framework of this branch within international politics, one that, though not studied often, is of high relevance in offering timely answers to the contemporary problems that occur in different parts of the world. ; El siguiente artículo presenta una aproxi­mación teórica de la paradiplomacia, como elemento indispensable en el desarrollo de las relaciones internacionales contemporáneas, en donde la diversidad de actores ha llevado a los entes subnacionales y organizaciones no gu­bernamentales, a lograr espacios más amplios en la solución de problemáticas que hasta hace poco tiempo solo concernían a los Estados; de tal forma que, puede ayudar a dar un marco teórico y conceptual de esta rama poco estu­diada, dentro de la política internacional, pero de alta relevancia en la respuesta oportuna a los problemas contemporáneos que se dan en distintas partes del mundo.

Resumen La creencia en cualquier tipo de conspiraciones ha existido desde los tiempos más antiguos; sin embargo, la implantación y desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías de comunicación de masas las ha convertido en virales. El objeto de este artículo es analizar cómo desde el comienzo del siglo XXI, han traspasado el umbral de lo patológico para convertirse en lógico; es decir, en una forma de interpretar la realidad y la Historia, e incluso, inundado el discurso político. Esto no es inocuo, sino que hay razones para temer esa implantación de las teorías de la conspiración, pues la Historia nos enseña que ese paso de lo patológico a lo lógico, es el mismo que de la paranoia individual al genocidio, al Holocausto.AbstractBelief in any kind of conspiracy theory has existed since ancient times. However, the introduction and development of new media technology has turned this event viral. The purpose of this article is to analyse how, since the beginning of the twenty first century, conspiracy theories have crossed the threshold of the pathological to become logical by manipulating historical evidence and penetrating the political discourse. This is non-innocuous as history has demonstrated that the implantation of such theories and their evolution from the pathological to the logical parallels the transition from individual paranoia to the Holocaust genocide.

Following Leo Bersani and Lee Edelman, one might say that, by insisting on sexual minorities' quest for social recognition, Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity runs the risk of desexualizing sexuality. On the other hand, so-called antisocial queer theory, and Edelman in particular, could be held responsible for depoliticizing queer politics, by depriving its subject of political agency. Aim of this article is to mediate between these two positions in queer theory on the level of a theory of the subject, by means of Teresa de Lauretis' understanding of the concept of the drive. ; Siguiendo a Leo Bersani y a Lee Edelman, se podría sostener que, insistiendo en la búsqueda de reconocimiento social por parte de las minorías sexuales, la teoría de la performatividad de género de Judith Butler corre el riesgo de desexualizar la sexualidad. Por otro lado, las así llamadas teorías queer antisociales, en particular las de Edelman, podrían ser consideradas como responsables de despolitizar la política queer, privando a su sujeto de la capacidad de actuar políticamente. El propósito de este artículo es mediar entre estas dos posiciones de la teoría queer sobre el plano de una teoría del sujeto, utilizando la interpretación que Teresa de Lauertis provee acerca del concepto de pulsión.

SUMARIO Editorial. Chacón P., Galia B. Artículos Análisis cuantitativo y mejora de la calidad del costo de capital en las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (PYMES). Quantitative analysis and improvement of the quality of the cost of capital in small and medium sized companies. Altuve, José Germán La responsabilidad patronal frente a los infortunios en el trabajo. The supervisor responsibility front to the accidents in the work. Cabeza R., María Alejandra y Corredor, Edwin Universidad del Zulia: ¿insuficiencia o ineficiencia presupuestaria? University of Zulia: insufficiency or budgetary inefficiency? Díaz, Jazmín; Anniccharico, Elvira y Marín, Vanessa Hablando sobre teorías y modelos en las ciencias contables. On theories and models in accounting sciences. De Andrade, Gilberto Análisis de las metodologías fiscales y financieras para el ajuste por inflación establecidas en la ley de impuesto sobre la renta y la declaración de principios de contabilidad número 10. Analysis of the financial and fiscal methodologies established in the income tax law and the declaration of accounting principles number 10, referred to the adjustment by inflation. Molina, Victor H. La calidad del egresado: aspecto vital de la evaluación institucional. The quality of the graduates: vital aspect of the institutional evaluation. Monagas, Dulce ¿Cómo rinden cuentas las gobernaciones venezolanas? How do state governments render accounts in Venezuela? Montes de Oca, Yorberth; Ochoa, Haydée y Henríquez, Deyanira La productividad multifactorial y el crecimiento económico en Venezuela. Multifactorial productivity and economic growth in Venezuela. Mora M., José U. Sistema computarizado de análisis de contribución marginal. Computerized system of analysis of marginal contribution. Morillo Moreno, Marysela C. Gestión financiera y participación en el mercado de capitales a través del asesor de inversiones. Financial management and participation in capital market through the investments adviser. Pico, Gonzalo y Pulgar, Aidé Disponibilidad a pagar por un plan de conservación en la sub-cuenca del río Mucujún, Mérida - Venezuela. Conservation plan´s affordability in the sub-river basin of the river Mucujún, Mérida, Venezuela. Rodríguez, Ángel y Sánchez, José Miguel Gerencia basada en valor: la inclusión del costo financiero como un costo de oportunidad. Value-based management: including financing costs as opportunity costs. Vera, Mary Outsourcing y libre comercio: ¿dilema para Smith y Ricardo? Outsourcing and free trade: dilemma for Smith and Ricardo? Maldonado V., Fabio E. Índice acumulado de artículos publicados. ; 42-53 ; martins@usp.br ; semestral ; Nivel analítico

En Ecuador, las temáticas relativas a territorio y territorialidad constituyen, en los actuales momentos, importantes ejes de interés teórico y sociopolítico. No obstante, y a pesar de ser un asunto prioritario en la gestión y administración de proyectos de índole institucional, su relevancia en los ámbitos filosóficos y socio-antropológicos no ha sido suficientemente considerada. Diversas instancias de gobierno y organismos no gubernamentales (ONGs) llevan más de dos décadas trabajando en torno al ordenamiento territorial. En cambio, la reflexión teórica, de utilidad científica, es incipiente y está apenas en sus primeras fases de desarrollo. En tal contexto, el objetivo del presente artículo es explorar contribuciones teóricas y enfoques epistémicos, utilizando para ello metodologías hermenéuticas, de pensamiento relacional y de reflexividad. Los contenidos expuestos como resultados dan cuenta de confluencias y discrepancias entre teorías que tienen mayor relevancia epistemológica en materia social: el marxismo, el posestructuralismo y las teorías de la complejidad sistémica. En calidad de conclusión se puede sostener que mientras el territorio es principalmente estructural, la territorialidad refiere a procesos de transformación societal, de metamorfosis y sintonía socio-natural. ; In Ecuador, themes regarding territory and territoriality are nowadays key theoretical and socio-political issues. Nonetheless, whilst they are already considered a priority in a number of institutional management and administration projects, their philosophical and socio-anthropological significance has not been sufficiently pondered. Government entities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been working on territorial planning for more than two decades; conversely, the theoretical production on the topics, with adequate scientific usefulness and practicality, is barely in its early stages of development. In such a context, the aim of this paper is to explore a number of epistemological approaches on the issues of territory and territoriality, employing hermeneutical, relational thinking and reflexivity methodologies. The overall picture and the outcomes of the study reveal both confluences and discrepancies between theories which have major epistemological relevance in social matters: Marxism, poststructuralism, and systemic complexity theories. As a general conclusion, it could be contended that while territory is mainly structural, territoriality refers to processes of societal transformation, metamorphosis and socio-natural tuning.

The objective of this documentary review article is to identify the role of finance within different organizational theories, such as scientific management, classical management, bureaucracy, human relations theory, systems theory, politics, institutionalism, resources and capabilities, and agency, which have established the basis for explaining the management of organizations. Although these theories have been evolving as any collective process over the years, the need arises to carry out an analysis to identify the role of finance within different organizational theories and thus understand at what point financial theories begin to become independent, and also what type of role each one plays in finance. It is concluded that the Scientific, Functional, Human Relations and Behavioral, Systems, Political, and Institutional theories play a role in finance, but it is towards the individual of the organizations, since it is the personnel that executes the different functions that are part of the general gear of the organizations and it was appropriate to study them; and the theories that are identified with greater importance since they consider terms with a direct relation with finance, are the theories of Bureaucracy, Resources and Capabilities, and Agency. ; El objetivo del presente artículo de revisión documental es identificar el rol que cumplen las finanzas dentro de diferentes teorías de la organización, tales como administración científica, administración clásica, burocracia, teoría de las relaciones humanas, teoría de sistemas, política, institucionalismo, recursos y capacidades, y agencia, que han establecido las bases para explicar la administración de las organizaciones. Si bien estas han ido evolucionando como todo proceso colectivo a través de los años, surge la necesidad de realizar un análisis para identificar cuál es el rol de las finanzas dentro de diferentes teorías de la organización y así, comprender en qué momento empiezan las teorías financieras a independizarse, y también qué tipo de rol es el cumple cada una en las finanzas. Se concluye que las teorías Científica, Funcional, de las Relaciones Humanas y del Comportamiento, de los Sistemas, Política, Institucional, llegan a cumplir un rol sobre las finanzas, pero es hacia el individuo de las organizaciones, ya que es el personal el que ejecuta las diversas funciones que son parte del engranaje general de las organizaciones y era apropiado hacer su estudio; y las teorías que sí se identifican con mayor importancia ya que consideran términos con una relación directa con las finanzas, son las teorías de la Burocracia, la de Recursos y Capacidades, y de la Agencia.