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Abstract Recently, some researchers have attempted to resurrect deterrence theory. These researchers have focused on the relationship between certainty and severity of punishment and subsequent rates of crime. An inverse relationship has been found, leading these researchers to conclude that penal sanctions deter crime. This paper presents another hypothesis, namely, that increases in crime may overburden existing legal machinery, and thus cause decreases in the certainty of punishment as a result. Using the same data employed in past deterrence studies, this paper demonstrates that crime may affect certainty of punishment more strongly than certainty of punishment affects the crime rate, a finding which seriously questions the ability of legal threats as currently administered in American society to deter crime.

Pasley and Ihinger-Tallman provide a critical analysis of the current literature on stepparenting and summarize the progress made in research, theory, and practice related to stepfamilies. The chapters are written by contributors with expertise in various fields related to stepparenting. The contributors discuss a range of concerns and issues: theoretical concerns and present models useful to the study of stepparenting; research related to relationships within stepfamilies and the development of new roles within stepfamilies; and practical considerations related to family therapy, stepfamilies

Pasley and Ihinger-Tallman provide a critical analysis of the current literature on stepparenting and summarize the progress made in research, theory, and practice related to stepfamilies. The chapters are written by contributors with expertise in various fields related to stepparenting. The contributors discuss a range of concerns and issues: theoretical concerns and present models useful to the study of stepparenting; research related to relationships within stepfamilies and the development of new roles within stepfamilies; and practical considerations related to family therapy, stepfamilies.

Plenary Papers -- Student Papers -- Systems Methodology and Practice -- Information Systems Theory and Practice -- Critical Issues in Information Management -- Critical Systems Thinking -- Critical Issues in Business Systems -- Medical Information and Health Care Systems -- Educational Systems -- Community and Environmental Systems -- Author Index.

Women on the margins : honouring multiple and intersecting cultural identities Sandra Collins -- Mom's the word : attachment theory's role in defining the "good mother" Lynda R. Ross -- Male violence against women and girls : what feminist counsellors need to know to begin their work with women Chalene Y. Senn -- Hitting like a girl : an integrated and contextualized approach to confronting the feminst dilemma of women's use of violence Susan Le Blanc -- A word is worth a thousand pictures : counselling with Metis and First Nations women Cathy Richardson -- Aboriginal women and post-traumatic stress disorder : implications of culture on therapy and counselling practices Kathy M. Bent -- Considerations in counselling children and adult survivors of childhood traumas : community, context, and intersubjective resiliencies Marie Lovrod -- No 'body' to blame? : socio-cultural influences on girls and women Gina Wong-Wylie and Shelly Russell-Mayhew -- Is being a lesbian a queer thing to do? Bonita Decaire and Deborah Foster -- Counselling women : ethics for diversity and social justice Jean Pettifor and Judi Malone -- Femnist counsellors repond to abuse in lesbian relationships : confronting heteronormalcy Janice L. Ristock -- Feminist crisis counselling Karen M. Nielsen and Ann Marie Dewhurst -- Telling stories to make sense of job loss Arlene M.C. Young -- Engaging women who are mandated to participate in counselling Ann Marie Dewhurst and Karen M. Nielsen