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The paper analyzes Thomas Mann's literary work from the perspective of critical theory. By briefly discussing an alternative conception of critical theory, it emphasizes the importance of Karl Marx, Aristotle, and normativity to social and political theory. The paper argues that we need to conceptualize normativity in Aristotelian rather than Kantian terms, that is, by reinterpreting the tradition of the Greek notion of aretē (excellence). Hence the importance of Aristotle's ethical reflections on the flourishing of human life and of the political community. Marx is important because he provided a historically informed analysis and critique of the socioeconomic structures of modern society. Marx also gave birth to a new paradigm for social sciences and humanities, a paradigm alternative to positivism and phenomenology. Its main premise is that social and political theory must articulate the normative notion of social emancipation and criticize society and its social structures by drawing on this notion of emancipation. Thomas Mann is interesting and important from the point of view of critical theory; among other things, he provides a literary critique of the European bourgeois society and its way of life. As an illustration, Thomas Mann's dialectic of eroticism and death in the life of the bourgeois iron cage is also analyzed (the dialectic that we find in Buddenbrooks, Death in Venice, and The Magic Mountain).

The paper analyzes Thomas Mann's literary work from the perspective of critical theory. By briefly discussing an alternative conception of critical theory, it emphasizes the importance of Karl Marx, Aristotle, and normativity to social and political theory. The paper argues that we need to conceptualize normativity in Aristotelian rather than Kantian terms, that is, by reinterpreting the tradition of the Greek notion of aretē (excellence). Hence the importance of Aristotle's ethical reflections on the flourishing of human life and of the political community. Marx is important because he provided a historically informed analysis and critique of the socioeconomic structures of modern society. Marx also gave birth to a new paradigm for social sciences and humanities, a paradigm alternative to positivism and phenomenology. Its main premise is that social and political theory must articulate the normative notion of social emancipation and criticize society and its social structures by drawing on this notion of emancipation. Thomas Mann is interesting and important from the point of view of critical theory; among other things, he provides a literary critique of the European bourgeois society and its way of life. As an illustration, Thomas Mann's dialectic of eroticism and death in the life of the bourgeois iron cage is also analyzed (the dialectic that we find in Buddenbrooks, Death in Venice, and The Magic Mountain).

The article describes the metaphysical principle of Thomas Aquinas' political philosophy, which most adequately translates into the concept of authority. This principle involves the intentional rapport between the human consciousness and the world as created by God, i.e. with the reality per se. Authority is a concept harbouring the metaphysical essence, and means a divine capacity of bringing beings into existence. Intentional human consciousness, which in the ethical context is commonly called conscience, is capable of perceiving the God-created reality in a way that the meanings necessary for attaining the order in a political state are figured out naturally. Thus, the highest institute of political authority, according to Thomas Aquinas, consists of the very reality as realized by humans. Following the concise familiarization with the Thomas Aquinas' concept of politics, the article sets out the details on how this metaphysical principal helps creating a certain political system. First off, a formal concept of the common good is constructed, which is embodied with the concrete content while taking into consideration the actual situation of each and all of the citizens within the world. The article deals with the complex problem of the relationship between the individual and the society, which Thomas Aquinas proposes to solve dynamically. When the common good is identified as a goal of the state, a certain form of governing evolves, along with its executive authority of the political power. The article analyses what original form of governance is proposed by Aquinas and what criterion should be set for power legitimacy. The article particularly emphasizes the problem of human freedom. Presented are the concept of freedom as well as a solution for the problem between this concept and political authority. Human conscience is perceived as an ultimate stance resolving the laws adopted by the authority within political governance. The article is concluded by the analysis of interrelationship between the Thomas Aquinas' three types of law – the eternal, natural, and human ones. Of central position within the political process is the human nature, the concept of which is dealt with great consideration. The article contrasts the principles of Thomas Aquinas' political philosophy with the assumptions of political philosophy of the modern times. The latter is based on a certain conception of a subjective and by nature conflict-predisposed human consciousness; therefore, the sole resort in modern times is ascribed to the general pact, by which political authority is converted into a contract instance, instead of the natural one. At the same time, Aquinian metaphysics restores for humans their live contact with the reality, which itself serves the last and most serviceable source of political determination.

The article describes the metaphysical principle of Thomas Aquinas' political philosophy, which most adequately translates into the concept of authority. This principle involves the intentional rapport between the human consciousness and the world as created by God, i.e. with the reality per se. Authority is a concept harbouring the metaphysical essence, and means a divine capacity of bringing beings into existence. Intentional human consciousness, which in the ethical context is commonly called conscience, is capable of perceiving the God-created reality in a way that the meanings necessary for attaining the order in a political state are figured out naturally. Thus, the highest institute of political authority, according to Thomas Aquinas, consists of the very reality as realized by humans. Following the concise familiarization with the Thomas Aquinas' concept of politics, the article sets out the details on how this metaphysical principal helps creating a certain political system. First off, a formal concept of the common good is constructed, which is embodied with the concrete content while taking into consideration the actual situation of each and all of the citizens within the world. The article deals with the complex problem of the relationship between the individual and the society, which Thomas Aquinas proposes to solve dynamically. When the common good is identified as a goal of the state, a certain form of governing evolves, along with its executive authority of the political power. The article analyses what original form of governance is proposed by Aquinas and what criterion should be set for power legitimacy. The article particularly emphasizes the problem of human freedom. Presented are the concept of freedom as well as a solution for the problem between this concept and political authority. Human conscience is perceived as an ultimate stance resolving the laws adopted by the authority within political governance. The article is concluded by the analysis of interrelationship between the Thomas Aquinas' three types of law – the eternal, natural, and human ones. Of central position within the political process is the human nature, the concept of which is dealt with great consideration. The article contrasts the principles of Thomas Aquinas' political philosophy with the assumptions of political philosophy of the modern times. The latter is based on a certain conception of a subjective and by nature conflict-predisposed human consciousness; therefore, the sole resort in modern times is ascribed to the general pact, by which political authority is converted into a contract instance, instead of the natural one. At the same time, Aquinian metaphysics restores for humans their live contact with the reality, which itself serves the last and most serviceable source of political determination.

Author: Kim Thomas Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex. TB has many extrapulmonary forms, but most commonly affects the lungs, and this is known as pulmonary TB. In 2011, the WHO estimated a global incidence of 9.6 million TB cases. Of this, India was considered to be the highest TB burden country with an estimated incidence of 2.2 million cases out of the global incidence and about 150,000 to 350,000 deaths per year. In 1997, the government of India had introduced a scheme known as the Revised National TB control Program (RNTCP), as a solution to combat this problem. However, India has a very fragmented health care system, mainly involving the public and private health sectors. Patient centered care and their appropriate TB management depends heavily on the type of healthcare provider one approaches in India. Objectives: This review aims to provide a meticulous summary of what the patient centered approaches towards TB management is in India, using available primary research. It aims to look at what a TB patient's options are when approaching their health care system and the reasoning behind any disparities by different healthcare providers in the management of this disease. Method: Numerous reliable websites were accessed such as Patient.co.uk, NHS.co.uk, World Health Organization (WHO) reports. Databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE (EBSCO) and ScienceDirect were used extensively. MeSH terms such as "patient pathway in managing tuberculosis in India", and Boolean phrases such as "public sector AND private sector" were used to generate articles relevant to my study. Inclusion criteria such as "patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in India" and exclusion criteria such as "patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in other countries" were also set. Results: The results indicate that there is still a huge extent to which the RNTCP requires to reach to make an impact among the private sector patients. Public care providers were more likely to report the correct combination of drugs for treating multi drug resistant (MDR)-TB, and adhering strictly to the intermittent administration of drugs as recommended by the RNTCP guidelines. Conclusion: In order to correctly manage TB and deliver appropriate patient centered care, private practitioners should be made aware of the importance of referring to RNTCP guidelines. They should become more compliant to the important diagnostic investigations, work on implementing them and report their cases systematically. Furthermore, this review recommends that follow up measures in public and private sector need to be implemented strictly. This is critical to ensure that TB is treated completely, to ensure patient adherence to the treatment and win the battle against MDR- TB.

Author: Kim Thomas Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex. TB has many extrapulmonary forms, but most commonly affects the lungs, and this is known as pulmonary TB. In 2011, the WHO estimated a global incidence of 9.6 million TB cases. Of this, India was considered to be the highest TB burden country with an estimated incidence of 2.2 million cases out of the global incidence and about 150,000 to 350,000 deaths per year. In 1997, the government of India had introduced a scheme known as the Revised National TB control Program (RNTCP), as a solution to combat this problem. However, India has a very fragmented health care system, mainly involving the public and private health sectors. Patient centered care and their appropriate TB management depends heavily on the type of healthcare provider one approaches in India. Objectives: This review aims to provide a meticulous summary of what the patient centered approaches towards TB management is in India, using available primary research. It aims to look at what a TB patient's options are when approaching their health care system and the reasoning behind any disparities by different healthcare providers in the management of this disease. Method: Numerous reliable websites were accessed such as Patient.co.uk, NHS.co.uk, World Health Organization (WHO) reports. Databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE (EBSCO) and ScienceDirect were used extensively. MeSH terms such as "patient pathway in managing tuberculosis in India", and Boolean phrases such as "public sector AND private sector" were used to generate articles relevant to my study. Inclusion criteria such as "patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in India" and exclusion criteria such as "patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in other countries" were also set. Results: The results indicate that there is still a huge extent to which the RNTCP requires to reach to make an impact among the private sector patients. Public care providers were more likely to report the correct combination of drugs for treating multi drug resistant (MDR)-TB, and adhering strictly to the intermittent administration of drugs as recommended by the RNTCP guidelines. Conclusion: In order to correctly manage TB and deliver appropriate patient centered care, private practitioners should be made aware of the importance of referring to RNTCP guidelines. They should become more compliant to the important diagnostic investigations, work on implementing them and report their cases systematically. Furthermore, this review recommends that follow up measures in public and private sector need to be implemented strictly. This is critical to ensure that TB is treated completely, to ensure patient adherence to the treatment and win the battle against MDR- TB.

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

This article presents a biography that presents a new version of the 12th century churchman, politician, humanist and educator, John of Salisbury. In contrast to dry academic biographies, this one is based mainly on the primary sources, that is, on the works of John himself. In order not only to indicate historical facts but also to show his mentality, temperament and character, it intentionally uses long quotations from his writings. These quotations do deliver to the readers' attention not only the trite academic facts but also some interesting trifles which enriches the picture of that remote epoch and exposes the idiosyncrasy of the author, for instance, his common sense and skeptical attitude towards all kinds of divinations and mysticism.

War, domestic violence, and economic instability in a country force its residents to flee their homeland and their place of birth to a different part of the world to save their lives, and around 70.8 million people have been displaced across the world (UNHCR, 2019). It is also a fundamental fact that women and children who have fled in this manner have been subject to various forms of violence and torture during their journey. Refugees are increasingly interested in emigrating to the United States of America, given the political and economic importance of the nation. Nevertheless, the United States has a strict legal system in place to prevent uncontrolled immigration, and hence the refugees face a variety of problems in order to travel to it. Refugees, particularly those travelling tens of thousands of kilometres are from Central American countries, Africa, Iran, and Syria, have arrived inmany towns along the US-Mexico border. Increasing numbers of refugees force governments of the receiving countries to provide accommodation, food, and other facilities, which causes an inevitable financial crisis in the receiving regions. In such cases, the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in helping refugees with various types of assistance, and it is important to analyze the human rights activities of NGOs. NGOs have been a lobbyist in influencing legislators through a variety of political consultations and creating laws that protect refugees. It is crucial that NGOs can influence the Government level and various types of Cabinet Meetings, to study the issues of refugees and provide different kinds of possible support and assistance through their advocacy activities. The influence of the new media technologies in this twenty-first century has increased the opportunity to understand the lives of different people from different parts of the world and conduct various socio-political debates on global issues, such as the refugee crisis. Therefore, we need to evaluate the role of the social media of NGOs as a lobbyist in advocacy on addressing the refugee crisis. The article aims to identify the role of NGOs in addressing the migrant crisis and upholding the sanctuary policy in Florida that facilitates migrant integration. Research methods include a qualitative interview with the Florida Immigrant Coalition (FIC) and analyzing its social media discourse. The anti-sanctuary bill passed by the Florida state legislature were analysed; the analysis shows that the advocacy for the refugee crisis by NGOs using social media platforms increases civic participation. Such activism has a significant role in influencing policy framework on combating the crisis of refugee integration.

War, domestic violence, and economic instability in a country force its residents to flee their homeland and their place of birth to a different part of the world to save their lives, and around 70.8 million people have been displaced across the world (UNHCR, 2019). It is also a fundamental fact that women and children who have fled in this manner have been subject to various forms of violence and torture during their journey. Refugees are increasingly interested in emigrating to the United States of America, given the political and economic importance of the nation. Nevertheless, the United States has a strict legal system in place to prevent uncontrolled immigration, and hence the refugees face a variety of problems in order to travel to it. Refugees, particularly those travelling tens of thousands of kilometres are from Central American countries, Africa, Iran, and Syria, have arrived inmany towns along the US-Mexico border. Increasing numbers of refugees force governments of the receiving countries to provide accommodation, food, and other facilities, which causes an inevitable financial crisis in the receiving regions. In such cases, the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in helping refugees with various types of assistance, and it is important to analyze the human rights activities of NGOs. NGOs have been a lobbyist in influencing legislators through a variety of political consultations and creating laws that protect refugees. It is crucial that NGOs can influence the Government level and various types of Cabinet Meetings, to study the issues of refugees and provide different kinds of possible support and assistance through their advocacy activities. The influence of the new media technologies in this twenty-first century has increased the opportunity to understand the lives of different people from different parts of the world and conduct various socio-political debates on global issues, such as the refugee crisis. Therefore, we need to evaluate the role of the social media of NGOs as a lobbyist in advocacy on addressing the refugee crisis. The article aims to identify the role of NGOs in addressing the migrant crisis and upholding the sanctuary policy in Florida that facilitates migrant integration. Research methods include a qualitative interview with the Florida Immigrant Coalition (FIC) and analyzing its social media discourse. The anti-sanctuary bill passed by the Florida state legislature were analysed; the analysis shows that the advocacy for the refugee crisis by NGOs using social media platforms increases civic participation. Such activism has a significant role in influencing policy framework on combating the crisis of refugee integration.

War, domestic violence, and economic instability in a country force its residents to flee their homeland and their place of birth to a different part of the world to save their lives, and around 70.8 million people have been displaced across the world (UNHCR, 2019). It is also a fundamental fact that women and children who have fled in this manner have been subject to various forms of violence and torture during their journey. Refugees are increasingly interested in emigrating to the United States of America, given the political and economic importance of the nation. Nevertheless, the United States has a strict legal system in place to prevent uncontrolled immigration, and hence the refugees face a variety of problems in order to travel to it. Refugees, particularly those travelling tens of thousands of kilometres are from Central American countries, Africa, Iran, and Syria, have arrived inmany towns along the US-Mexico border. Increasing numbers of refugees force governments of the receiving countries to provide accommodation, food, and other facilities, which causes an inevitable financial crisis in the receiving regions. In such cases, the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in helping refugees with various types of assistance, and it is important to analyze the human rights activities of NGOs. NGOs have been a lobbyist in influencing legislators through a variety of political consultations and creating laws that protect refugees. It is crucial that NGOs can influence the Government level and various types of Cabinet Meetings, to study the issues of refugees and provide different kinds of possible support and assistance through their advocacy activities. The influence of the new media technologies in this twenty-first century has increased the opportunity to understand the lives of different people from different parts of the world and conduct various socio-political debates on global issues, such as the refugee crisis. Therefore, we need to evaluate the role of the social media of NGOs as a lobbyist in advocacy on addressing the refugee crisis. The article aims to identify the role of NGOs in addressing the migrant crisis and upholding the sanctuary policy in Florida that facilitates migrant integration. Research methods include a qualitative interview with the Florida Immigrant Coalition (FIC) and analyzing its social media discourse. The anti-sanctuary bill passed by the Florida state legislature were analysed; the analysis shows that the advocacy for the refugee crisis by NGOs using social media platforms increases civic participation. Such activism has a significant role in influencing policy framework on combating the crisis of refugee integration.

War, domestic violence, and economic instability in a country force its residents to flee their homeland and their place of birth to a different part of the world to save their lives, and around 70.8 million people have been displaced across the world (UNHCR, 2019). It is also a fundamental fact that women and children who have fled in this manner have been subject to various forms of violence and torture during their journey. Refugees are increasingly interested in emigrating to the United States of America, given the political and economic importance of the nation. Nevertheless, the United States has a strict legal system in place to prevent uncontrolled immigration, and hence the refugees face a variety of problems in order to travel to it. Refugees, particularly those travelling tens of thousands of kilometres are from Central American countries, Africa, Iran, and Syria, have arrived inmany towns along the US-Mexico border. Increasing numbers of refugees force governments of the receiving countries to provide accommodation, food, and other facilities, which causes an inevitable financial crisis in the receiving regions. In such cases, the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in helping refugees with various types of assistance, and it is important to analyze the human rights activities of NGOs. NGOs have been a lobbyist in influencing legislators through a variety of political consultations and creating laws that protect refugees. It is crucial that NGOs can influence the Government level and various types of Cabinet Meetings, to study the issues of refugees and provide different kinds of possible support and assistance through their advocacy activities. The influence of the new media technologies in this twenty-first century has increased the opportunity to understand the lives of different people from different parts of the world and conduct various socio-political debates on global issues, such as the refugee crisis. Therefore, we need to evaluate the role of the social media of NGOs as a lobbyist in advocacy on addressing the refugee crisis. The article aims to identify the role of NGOs in addressing the migrant crisis and upholding the sanctuary policy in Florida that facilitates migrant integration. Research methods include a qualitative interview with the Florida Immigrant Coalition (FIC) and analyzing its social media discourse. The anti-sanctuary bill passed by the Florida state legislature were analysed; the analysis shows that the advocacy for the refugee crisis by NGOs using social media platforms increases civic participation. Such activism has a significant role in influencing policy framework on combating the crisis of refugee integration.