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ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- MEASURES OF EXPOSURE -- Questionnaires -- Monitoring -- Biological Markers -- IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDIES -- HEALTH EFFECTS -- Acute, Noxious Effects -- Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function -- Lung Cancer -- Other Cancers -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Other Health Considerations in Children -- 1 Introduction -- DEFINITIONS -- TRENDS IN CIGARETTE USAGE -- ORGANIZATION -- REFERENCES -- I PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- 2 The Physicochemical Nature of Sidestream Smoke and Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- INTRODUCTION -- SIDESTREAM SMOKE -- PRINCIPAL CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- RADIOACTIVITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- TOXIC AND CARCINOGENIC AGENTS IN TOBACCO SMOKE -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 3 In Vivo and In Vitro Assays to Assess the Health Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- INTRODUCTION -- IN VIVO ASSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- Exposure Methods in Laboratory Research -- Animal Models in Inhalation Studies -- Results of Inhalation Studies -- In Vivo Bioassays Other Than Inhalation -- IN VITRO ASSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- II ASSESSING EXPOSURES TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- 4 Introduction -- REFERENCE -- 5 Assessing Exposures to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the External Environment -- TRACERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- PERSONAL MONITORING -- CONCENTRATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS -- Various Environmental Tobacco Smoke Constituents.

Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) can be a major constituent of air pollution in indoor environments, including the home. Regulation on smoking in the workplace and public places has made the home the dominant unregulated source of ETS, with important potential impacts on children. Between 40% and 60% of cbildren in the United Kingdom are exposed to ETS in the home. Many experimental and human and studies have investigated the adverse health effects of ETS. Substantial evidence shows that in adults ETS is associated with increased risk of chronic respiratory illness, including lung cancer, nasal cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In children, ETS increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, middle ear disease, lower respiratory tract illness, prevalence of wheeze and cough, and exacerbates asthma. Although banning smoking in the home would be the optimal reduction strategy, several barrier and ventilation methods can be effective. Nevertheless, such methods are not always practical or acceptable, particularly when social pressures contribute to a lack of support for ETS control in the home. Smoking cessation interventions have bad limited success. Research is needed to explore the barriers to adopting ETS risk-reducing behaviors.

BackgroundThe tobacco industry (TI) uses several strategies to attract new consumers, including using additives in tobacco products, which makes tobacco especially attractive to youth. Based on scientific evidence and the principles of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA, for the name in Portuguese), published the Collegiate Board Resolution (RDC, for the name in Portuguese) 14/2012 in 2012, prohibiting the addition of substances that enhance the flavour and taste of tobacco products in order to make them more attractive. In response, the TI used various strategies to prevent RDC 14/2012 from entering into force. At the time, the Brazilian additive ban was the most comprehensive in the world as it included a ban on menthol.ObjectivesThis paper analyses the arguments and strategies used by the TI to prevent the implementation of the additives ban.MethodsReview of published articles, reports, legislation and legislative activity, internal TI documents, media stories and other documents to describe TI's reaction to the ban.ResultsThe results show that the TI used some well-known strategies to delay or cancel the entering into force of the resolution. For example, the TI attempted political interference, used litigation and commissioned studies with findings that questioned the resolution's rationale. The TI strategies used in Brazil are similar to those used at the global level to oppose other tobacco control measures.ConclusionsTI successfully delayed the most comprehensive additive ban in the world using its usual tactics, despite the fact that none of the arguments presented by the TI had an acceptable scientific basis or evidence.

National military and veteran service organizations (MVSOs) have the potential to be advocates for stronger military tobacco control. This study consisted of qualitative analysis of interviews with 5 MVSO leaders (or their designees) and 6 focus groups conducted with veterans, to explore the opinions of MVSO leaders and veterans about military tobacco use and tobacco control policy, and to assess their current knowledge, attitudes, and likelihood of engaging with civilian tobacco control. Themes discussed include the impact of tobacco use on the military mission and on veterans; the possibility of stronger military tobacco control policies; and the idea that such policies would affect the rights of military personnel. Participants considered whether tobacco use impacts the military mission in the most literal sense (e.g., giving away patrol locations), ignoring larger scale effects on long term health and costs. While familiar with tobacco's impacts on veterans' health, MVSO leaders did not endorse stronger policies, although some veterans did. Participants were largely unaware of the impact of tobacco use on military readiness. Establishment of better alliances among MVSOs and civilian public health groups for mutual education about tobacco's many negative effects on the military's mission may be necessary to achieve a tobacco-free military.

Second-hand smoke, also known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), is one of the most harmful indoor pollutants. Exposure to ETS is a worldwide silent cause of mortality and morbidity. Although ETS had been decreased for 20 years, a lot of people who do not smoke still exposed to ETS at home, work, public places, and in vehicles. ETS is a risk factor for many important diseases such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, and sudden infant death. In this article, the harmful effects of ETS and the effects of smoke-free environment regulation on ETS exposure were reviewed.

Smoke & Mirrors provides an insider's view of the Canadian tobacco war, a hundred-year old conflict that began to escalate in the 1980s. Written by a prominent antismoking advocate, the book explains how Canada emerged as a global leader in the public health crusade to regulate the powerful tobacco industry. Author Rob Cunningham exposes the industry's deception and tactics; and describes in fascinating detail the bitter campaigns to maintain high tobacco taxes, ban tobacco advertising, eliminate tobacco sponsorships, require plain packaging, mandate clear health warnings, and prohibit smoking

Front Cover -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Situating Tobacco Chronologically vis-à-vis Oceania -- Part One The History, Economy, and Ethnography of Tobacco in Oceania -- Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Background -- Chapter 2 Tobacco as a Comestible -- Chapter 3 Pipe Dreams -- Chapter 4 Tobacco in Indigenous Trade -- Chapter 5 Tobacco as an Object of Exchange between Islanders and Foreigners -- Chapter 6 From Tobacco Trade to Tobacco Production -- Chapter 7 Death, Taxes, and Tobacco Control -- Part Two The Medical Anthropology of Tobacco in Oceania -- Chapter 8 Aotearoa: "Land of the Long White Smoke Cloud": Pacific Smoke Inhalation Case Study Number 1 -- Chapter 9 U.S. Associated Micronesia: Pacific Smoke Inhalation Case Study Number 2 -- Chapter 10 Native Hawaiians: Kanaka Maoli: Pacific Smoke Inhalation Case Study Number 3 -- Chapter 11 Tobaccosis: The Tobacco Syndemic -- Notes -- References Cited -- Index -- Back Cover.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess patterns of health-care utilization among children who potentially had tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) compared to those who were not exposed. Design: A secondary data analysis of the 2011 to 2012 National Survey on Children's Health was performed. Setting: Households nationwide were selected. Participants: A total of 95 677 children aged 0 to 17 years. Measures: Sociodemographic characteristics, TSE status, and health-care visits were measured. Analysis: Multivariable logistic regression models were performed. Results: A total of 24.1% of children lived with smokers. Approximately 5% had home TSE. Participants who lived with a smoker were significantly more likely to have had a medical care visit (odds ratio [OR] = 1.22, confidence interval [CI] = 1.21-1.22) and were more likely to seek sick care or health advice at an emergency department (OR = 1.23, CI = 1.23-1.24) but were less likely to have had a dental care visit (OR = 0.82, CI = 0.82-0.83) than those who did not live with a smoker. Similar findings were found among participants who had home TSE. Conclusion: TSE is a risk factor for increased use of pediatric medical care. Based on the high number of children who potentially had TSE and received sick care or health advice at an emergency emergency department, this setting may be a venue to deliver health messages to caregivers.

Tobacco kills 5 million people every year - and that number is expected to double by the year 2020. Despite its enormous toll on human health, tobacco has been largely neglected by anthropologists. This book combines an exhaustive search of historical materials on the introduction and spread of tobacco in the Pacific with extensive anthropological accounts of the ways Islanders have incorporated this substance into their lives. The author uses a relatively new concept called a syndemic - the synergistic interaction of two or more afflictions contributing to a greater burden of disease in a population - to focus at once on the health of a community, political and economic structures, and the wider physical and social environment to ultimately provide an in-depth analysis of smoking's negative health impact in Oceania. In this book, the idea of a syndemic is applied to the current health crisis in the Pacific, where the number of deaths from coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to rise. The case is made that smoking tobacco in the form of industrially manufactured cigarettes is the keystone of the contemporary syndemic in Oceania. The author shows how tobacco consumption (particularly cigarette smoking after World War II) has become the central interstitial element of a syndemic that produces most of the morbidity and mortality Pacific Islanders suffer. This syndemic is made up of a bundle of diseases and conditions, a set of historical circumstances and events, and social and health inequities most easily summed up as "poverty." He calls this the tobacco syndemic and argues that smoking is the crucial behavior - the "glue"--Holding all of these diseases and conditions together. This book offers an examination of the damaging tobacco syndemic in a specific world region, and will be of interest to scholars and students of anthropology, Pacific studies, history, and economic globalization, as well as for public health practitioners and those working in allied health fields. More broadly, the book will appeal to anyone concerned with disease interaction, the social context of disease production, and the full health consequences of the global promotional efforts of Big Tobacco