The aim of this study was to analyze the criminal legal system to establish criminal influence during the armed aggression against Ukraine. Since the beginning of Russia's armed aggression in Ukraine, the number of war crimes committed by the Russian military has increased. Investigating criminal influence during the war is a completely new area of work for law enforcement. General methods of scientific investigation and special methods of legal investigation were used. The author examines the types of criminal influence in the context of Russian aggression against Ukraine according to the Rome Statute and the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Common criminal offenses in 2021 and 2022 are identified. The low effectiveness of the judiciary in holding perpetrators of criminal influence criminally accountable is determined. It is concluded that the amendment of criminal legislation by shortening the terms of investigation and abbreviated procedure of prosecution of minor criminal offenses will ensure their prompt investigation and prosecution, which, in turn, will relieve the investigative bodies and the judiciary from the burden of dealing with serious and particularly serious criminal offenses.
The aim of the study was to determine the most effective model for regulating law enforcement in Europe and the post-Soviet space, as well as to formulate recommendations for the unification and standardization of legislation in this area. The empirical background was statistics on crime rates, premeditated murders by country; provisions of legislation governing the law enforcement activities of 13 countries and international regulations. Methods of system approach, descriptive statistics, descriptive analysis, generalization and prognosis, system selection, comparative method was used. The activities of law enforcement agencies are aimed at ensuring public order, national security and the protection of human rights, freedoms, and interests. Each state has its own law enforcement system, which is clearly regulated. The main indicator of the effectiveness of law enforcement is the crime rate and the level of security in the country. It is concluded that the most effective is the law enforcement model with its fundamental principles of decentralization of law enforcement agencies.
The purpose of this study was to review the literature on the types of criminal liability for the establishment or spread of criminal influence in the countries of the post-Soviet space. Achievement of the set goal implied the resolution of the following task: the analysis of legal acts in the sphere of criminal justice. The specific subject was the social norms regulated by law, which are formed in the sphere of criminal justice in the fight against criminal action. Theoretical ideas about the activities of criminal justice bodies are also reviewed. The methodological basis of the research consists in the combination of general and special research methods. The theoretical basis was the scientific works of researchers on the issue of criminal liability. It is concluded that, in the reviewed literature, on the one hand, post-Soviet countries faced with the problem of combating organized crime and forced to take immediate measures to combat it; on the other hand, the methods and mechanisms to prevent, counter and combat organized crime, were relatively similar, focused mainly on preventive measures to the emergence of this phenomenon.
The Latin aphorism societas delinquere non potest, which means that companies can notcommit a crime has been undisputed for a long time in the science of criminal law.However, in recent years there have been legal research pointing to the imputation ofcriminal liability for juridical person. Traditionally we have two theories about the legalpersonality, the first of them, the Fiction, whose representative is Savigny, who argues that legal entities lack of will, they are creations of the law therefore they cannot be punishedby their commited crimes, only responding the subject acting on their behalf; this thesis isbased on the principle societas delinquere non potest. The second is Gierke's Theory ofthe Reality of Corporate, which states that legal persons should be seen as a real group,whose pursuit of purpose transcends the sphere of individual interests, granting them freewill. From the side of Venezuelan legislation the Roman Maxim quote previouslymentioned has been used. However, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court inJune 2009 issued a ruling in which advocates that legal persons may be creditors of suchliability. This documentary research, is to analyze the feasibility of applying criminal liabilityfor legal persons in Venezuela, concluding that the political need to impute criminalresponsibility to the legal entities cannot lead to cracking of the existing structure on whichrests the theory of crime is based; consequently, new alternatives to broadening thesubject of law and its incorporation into the Penal Code need to be seek ; El aforismo latino societas delinquere non potest, el cual significa que las sociedades nopueden delinquir, ha sido indiscutible durante un largo tiempo en la ciencia del DerechoPenal. Sin embargo, en los últimos años han surgido investigaciones jurídicas queapuntan hacia la imputación de una responsabilidad penal para las personas jurídicas.Tradicionalmente se conocen dos teorías acerca de la personalidad jurídica, la primera deellas, la Ficción, cuyo representante es Savigny, quien expone que los entes moralescarecen de voluntad, pues son creaciones de derecho, por lo cual no pueden ser penadospor los delitos que perpetren, respondiendo únicamente el sujeto que actúa en surepresentación; esta tesis se inspira en el principio societas delinquere non potest. Lasegunda, es la Teoría de la Realidad, ideada por Gierke, quien plantea que las personasjurídicas deben concebirse como un ser colectivo real, cuya consecución de finestransciende la esfera de intereses individuales, reconociéndoseles voluntad propia. Por suparte, la legislación venezolana se acoge a la máxima romana previamente mencionada.No obstante, la Sala Constitucional del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia emitió en junio de2009 una Sentencia en la que se propugna que las personas jurídicas pueden seracreedoras de dicha responsabilidad. La presente investigación, de tipo documental, tienecomo finalidad analizar la viabilidad de la aplicación de responsabilidad penal para laspersonas jurídicas en Venezuela, concluyéndose que la necesidad político-criminal deimputar responsabilidad a los entes ideales no puede llevar a resquebrajar la actualestructura sobre la cual descansa la teoría del delito; por ello, deben buscarse nuevasalternativas tendientes a la ampliación del sujeto de derecho y su incorporación en elCódigo Penal.
The aim of the research was to reveal the peculiarities of preventive activities carried out by law enforcement agencies in the countries of the European Union. Attention is paid to the known methods of preventive work carried out by the police of different countries, which make it possible to prevent crimes and arrest criminals when they are still preparing to commit a crime. In this regard, models of preventive activities used in continental European countries are described. The methodological basis of the research is presented in comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. In the conclusions attention is paid to the peculiarities of prevention applied by individual members of the European Union, in particular, the policy of prevention by the Polish police, in terms of recidivism of persons who have already committed crimes. This policy is developed by borrowing from the European experience, because in some countries the emphasis is on extending the powers of police officers, in others - on maximum interaction with the society involved to help implement some police functions.
Los ensayos clínicos son necesarios y esenciales para obtener medicamentos autorizados para el tratamiento y prevención de las enfermedades. La publicación y entrada en vigor del nuevo Reglamento (UE) 536/2014 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 16 de abril, introduce cambios importantes para España, dando lugar al Real Decreto 1090/2015, de 4 de diciembre, por el que se regulan los ensayos clínicos con medicamentos, los Comités de Ética de la Investigación con medicamentos y el Registro Español de Estudios Clínicos. Entre otras materias, el Real Decreto contiene las reglas técnicas de la responsabilidad en los ensayos clínicos: no pueden ser autorizados sin seguro o garantía financiera equivalente que cubran los daños a los participantes que puedan derivarse de su realización; si el seguro no cubre por entero los daños reclamados, el promotor, el investigador principal y el hospital donde se lleva a cabo el ensayo responderán objetiva y solidariamente, invirtiéndose la carga de la prueba, no pudiendo exonerarse de responsabilidad por la autorización administrativa o el dictamen del Comité de Ética para la Investigación con medicamentos; salvo prueba en contrario, se presume causado por el ensayo cualquier daño a la salud del sujeto de ensayo durante el mismo y durante un año después de la conclusión del tratamiento, pero transcurrido dicho periodo el sujeto de ensayo está obligado a probar la relación causal entre daño y ensayo; serán objeto de resarcimiento todos los gastos derivados del menoscabo a la salud o estado físico de la persona sometida al ensayo clínico, así como los perjuicios económicos que se deriven directamente de dicho menoscabo, siempre que este no sea inherente a la patología objeto de estudio o a la evolución propia de su enfermedad; el importe mínimo que se garantizará en concepto de responsabilidad será 250.000 Euros por sujeto de ensayo, pudiendo ser percibido en forma de indemnización a tanto alzado o de renta equivalente al mismo capital, y podrá establecerse un capital asegurado máximo o importe máximo de garantía financiera por ensayo clínico y anualidad de 2.500.000 Euros. Este trabajo tiene como propósito analizar este marco normativo, formulando observaciones críticas al mismo. ; Clinical trials are necessary and essential to obtain authorised medicines for the treatment and prevention of illness. The adoption and entry into force of the new Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 16 April 2014, introduces important changes for Spain, leading to the publication of the Royal Decree 1090/2015, of 4 December, regulating clinical trials with medicinal products, Ethics Committees for Investigation with medicinal products and the Spanish Clinical Studies Registry. Among other topics, the Royal Decree contains the technical rules of liability in clinical trials: they cannot be conducted unless an insurance or other financial guarantee has been previously subscribed to cover damages to participants that may arise as a result of the trials; if insurance does not entirely cover damages claimed, the sponsor, the principal investigator and the hospital where the trial is conducted will share joint and strict liability, bearing the burden of proof, and neither administrative authorization of the trial nor the opinion of the Ethics Committee with Medicinal Products will enable them to disclaim this liability; unless proven otherwise, it shall be presumed that any harm to the health of a trial subject health during the course of the trial and within one year from the end of treatment has occurred as a result of the trial, but, once the year has concluded, the trial subject is obliged to prove the connection between the trial and the harm caused; all expenses derived from impairment in the health or physical status of the subject undergoing the clinical trial shall be considered liable for compensation, as well as any economic losses directly derived from such impairment, provided this is not inherent to the disease under study or due to the natural course of the disease as a result of the ineffectiveness of treatment; the minimum amount that shall be guaranteed as civil liability shall be 250.000 Euros per subject undergoing the clinical trial, which may be received as a flat rate payment or as an income equivalent to the same capital. A maximum insured capital or maximum amount of the financial guarantee per clinical trial and per year of 2.500.000 Euros may be established. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and give a critical reflection on this legislative framework.
The creation of legal entities or institutions —instrumental entities of the government administration— to implement a change in the system of the activities assigned to the government administration, is aimed at eluding the administrative law thereby, making the state's responsibility unviable. However, this distorts the very reason for the existence of the state's public entities, since it makes no sense to exempt the State from responsibility when the activity that causes the damage has been placed by it, in the hands of a third person who exercises it. Facing this, and considering that a society that fails to recognize that the government administration must meet the general objectives subject to the full extent of the law, «or that recognizing it, adds observations or exceptions thereto, does not truly live under a system of rule of law» (Duguit), the «communicability» of the responsibility has been proposed so that the citizen damaged by a public entity is not deprived of a fair redress ; La generación de entidades o personas jurídicas —entes instrumentales de la administración— para vehiculizar un cambio de régimen de las actividades asignadas a la administración pública, tiene por objeto huir del derecho administrativo y, por tanto, hacer inviable la responsabilidad estatal. Sin embargo, esto desnaturaliza la propia razón de ser de los entes públicos estatales, pues no tiene sentido eximir de responsabilidad al Estado cuando la actividad prestacional que causa el daño ha sido puesta por él en manos del tercero que la ejerce. Frente a ello, y considerando que una sociedad que no reconozca que la Administración pública debe servir a los objetivos generales con sometimiento pleno al derecho, «o que reconociéndolo, le agregue reservas o excepciones, no vive verdaderamente bajo un régimen de Estado de derecho» (Duguit), se ha postulado la «comunicabilidad» de la responsabilidad, de modo que el ciudadano lesionado por un ente instrumental no se vea privado de una justa reparación
The aim of the research was the examination of modern methods of crime prevention related to the excess of official power or authority in the law enforcement system. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, as the main method of objective and comprehensive analysis. The results highlight that over the past eight years in Ukraine 391 judgments, 4258 decisions on procedural actions were made during the consideration of crimes under Article 365 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The study of the Unified State Register of Judicial Decisions shows that the largest number of verdicts was pronounced in 2014 - 78, in 2015 - 58, in 2016 - 50, in 2017 - 46, the smallest number in 2018 - 28, in 2019 twice as much in comparison with the previous year - 46, in 2020 - 38, in 2021 - 47. Everything allows to conclude that, measures to prevent crimes related to abuse of power should be comprehensive. In particular, they must be effectively correlated with the legislative framework of the state's protection and prevention policy, which signify the essential basis of any substantive democracy.
The present work deals with the problem that derives from the fact of determining what type of criminal responsibility should be proportional to the criminal acts committed in the field of legal persons. Emphasizes the need to create a law on criminal liability of legal persons and is justified in criminal political reasons such as legislative changes at the international level and the growing corporate crime that in recent decades has caused problems in Nicaragua of socioeconomic order. Economic crime has infiltrated public administrations, it is clear that the current model of accessory consequences and the formula of acting on behalf of another has proved insufficient, due to the nature of such measures and their lack of definition, being necessary the corporate criminal responsibility model. These issues are addressed in this article, through an analysis of the sources of criminal charges, criminal liability models, crime prevention models (criminal compliance) and the controversial figure of the compliance officer, having as a reference, in the latter case, the Spanish experience. ; El presente trabajo trata de la problemática que se deriva del hecho de determinar qué tipo de responsabilidad penal ha de ser proporcional a los hechos delictivos cometidos en el ámbito de las personas jurídicas. Enfatiza en la necesidad de crear una ley de responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas y se justifica en razones políticas criminales como son los cambios legislativos a nivel internacional y la creciente delincuencia empresarial que en las últimas décadas ha causado problemas en Nicaragua de orden socioeconómico. La delincuencia económica se ha infiltrado en las administraciones públicas, es evidente que el actual modelo de consecuencias accesorias y de la fórmula de actuar en nombre de otro ha resultado ser insuficiente, debido a la naturaleza de tales medidas y su falta de definición, siendo necesario el modelo de responsabilidad penal corporativa. De estos temas se ocupa el presente artículo, pasando por un análisis de las fuentes de imputación penal, los modelos de responsabilidad penal, los modelos de prevención de delitos (compliance penal) y la figura polémica del oficial de cumplimiento (compliance officer), teniendo como referente, en este último caso, la experiencia española.
The present work deals with the problem that derives from the fact of determining what type of criminal responsibility should be proportional to the criminal acts committed in the field of legal persons. Emphasizes the need to create a law on criminal liability of legal persons and is justified in criminal political reasons such as legislative changes at the international level and the growing corporate crime that in recent decades has caused problems in Nicaragua of socioeconomic order. Economic crime has infiltrated public administrations, it is clear that the current model of accessory consequences and the formula of acting on behalf of another has proved insufficient, due to the nature of such measures and their lack of definition, being necessary the corporate criminal responsibility model. These issues are addressed in this article, through an analysis of the sources of criminal charges, criminal liability models, crime prevention models (criminal compliance) and the controversial figure of the compliance officer, having as a reference, in the latter case, the Spanish experience. ; El presente trabajo trata de la problemática que se deriva del hecho de determinar qué tipo de responsabilidad penal ha de ser proporcional a los hechos delictivos cometidos en el ámbito de las personas jurídicas. Enfatiza en la necesidad de crear una ley de responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas y se justifica en razones políticas criminales como son los cambios legislativos a nivel internacional y la creciente delincuencia empresarial que en las últimas décadas ha causado problemas en Nicaragua de orden socioeconómico. La delincuencia económica se ha infiltrado en las administraciones públicas, es evidente que el actual modelo de consecuencias accesorias y de la fórmula de actuar en nombre de otro ha resultado ser insuficiente, debido a la naturaleza de tales medidas y su falta de definición, siendo necesario el modelo de responsabilidad penal corporativa. De estos temas se ocupa el presente artículo, pasando por un análisis de las fuentes de imputación penal, los modelos de responsabilidad penal, los modelos de prevención de delitos (compliance penal) y la figura polémica del oficial de cumplimiento (compliance officer), teniendo como referente, en este último caso, la experiencia española.
This article examines the legal framework and practical aspects of using the criminal liability exemption with the imposition of a judicial fine. The development of Russian criminal and penal legislation, considering the humanization of the State's criminal policy, leads to the emergence of new mechanisms for the humanization of criminal punishment and criminal responsibility itself. Many of them are of great scientific interest, such as the exemption from criminal liability with the imposition of a judicial fine. The authors examine the legal framework, the procedural order to apply this mechanism, the problems that arise in the courts that apply it in practice, the opinions of legal experts on its essence and the problems that arise in relation to its application. Methodologically, it is a documentary investigation close to legal hermeneutics. By way of conclusion, the results contain various provisions that clarify the place of this legal and procedural mechanism for exemption from criminal liability, among other mechanisms used for the same purpose. The authors make several notable proposals to improve the regulatory framework of the mechanism under study, which eliminates several identified problems associated with its use.
Abstract. It has been suggested that the Regulation (EC) nr. 864/2007, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007, on the law applicable to noncontractual obligations, may imply a shift in the conflict of law rules paradigm. In order to determine if we are truly facing a change of the traditional model, this paper analyses the role of choice of law in conflict of laws from a general perspective, and in the socalled Rome II Regulation. ; Resumen. La expresión cambio de paradigma se ha utilizado específicamente para referirse a la norma de conflicto en materia de obligaciones extracontractuales en el reglamento (CE) n.o 864/2007 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 11 de julio de 2007, relativo a la ley aplicable a las obligaciones extracontractuales. Al objeto dedeterminar si estamos verdaderamente ante un cambio de modelo, el presente artículo analiza en primer término y desde una perspectiva general el rol de la autonomía de la voluntad en los conflictos de leyes; en segundo lugar estudia el diseño del punto de conexión basado en la elección de ley en el reglamento comunitario Roma II.
The regulation of the community of property which was introduced by the legislator of 1981, with more evidence than the previous normative, draws a structuring of the common liabilities articulated on two orbits responsibility, external and internal, not absolutely disconnected, but frequently convergent, as derived by logic of the substantial similarity between the nuclear precepts that those regulate. Anyway, the dower character of the debit, qualification that will emanate, or, inexorably, of the fact of having contracted in a conjugal joint or consensual action (art. 1367 CC), or from the circumstance of having been generated apparently inside of the field of individual legitimation legally configured to affect ad extra the common mass (arts. 1365, 1366 and 1368 CC), with the inherent effect of holding directly to the potential aggression of the creditors, outside the debtor's own flow, the commons, does not predetermine the assignment of the expense arising from his payment to the common internal liabilities, subsumption that will require their adequacy to the provisions contained in the different standards of internal liability of the legal society (arts. 1362, 1363, 1366 and 1371 CC), there being weighted to such an effect the orientation of the conjugal action to the family interest, irrelevant principle, otherwise, in the external sphere. ; La regulación de la sociedad de gananciales introducida por el legislador de 1981, con más evidencia que la normativa precedente, dibuja una estructuración del pasivo ganancial articulada en dos órbitas de responsabilidad, externa e interna, no absolutamente desconectadas, sino frecuentemente convergentes, como deriva por lógica de la sustancial semejanza entre los preceptos nucleares que norman aquellas. En cualquier caso, el carácter ganancial del débito, calificación que va a emanar, bien, de forma inexorable, del hecho de haber sido contraído en una actuación conyugal conjunta o consentida (art. 1367 CC), bien de la circunstancia de generarse aparentemente dentro del ámbito de legitimación individual configurado legalmente para afectar ad extra la masa común (arts. 1365, 1366 y 1368 CC), con el efecto inherente de sujetar directamente a la potencial agresión de los acreedores, al margen del caudal propio del deudor, los bienes comunes, no predetermina la adscripción del gasto dimanante de su exacción al pasivo ganancial interno, subsunción que exigirá su adecuación a las previsiones contenidas en las diversas normas de responsabilidad interna de la sociedad legal (arts. 1362, 1363, 1366 y 1371 CC), ponderándose a tal efecto la orientación de la actuación conyugal al interés de la familia, principio irrelevante, por lo demás, en la esfera externa.The regulation of the community of property which was introduced by the legislator of 1981, with more evidence than the previous normative, draws a structuring of the common liabilities articulated on two orbits responsibility, external and internal, not absolutely disconnected, but frequently convergent, as derived by logic of the substantial similarity between the nuclear precepts that those regulate. Anyway, the dower character of the debit, qualification that will emanate, or, inexorably, of the fact of having contracted in a conjugal joint or consensual action (art. 1367 CC), or from the circumstance of having been generated apparently inside of the field of individual legitimation legally configured to affect ad extra the common mass (arts. 1365, 1366 and 1368 CC), with the inherent effect of holding directly to the potential aggression of the creditors, outside the debtor's own flow, the commons, does not predetermine the assignment of the expense arising from his payment to the common internal liabilities, subsumption that will require their adequacy to the provisions contained in the different standards of internal liability of the legal society (arts. 1362, 1363, 1366 and 1371 CC), there being weighted to such an effect the orientation of the conjugal action to the family interest, irrelevant principle, otherwise, in the external sphere.
This article contains a historical, legal and doctrinal study about the diminished criminal liabilityas an element of criminal culpability. It is exposed in the first section, the appearance of this figure until it was formally incorporated in legislation and in judicial proceedings. Then, the different approaches are examined in relation to the response to be provided by criminal law to cases in which it is shown that a person committed a crime, acting under a state of diminished criminal liability.Finally, it is proposed to eliminate this controversial concept of the theory of crime based on a redefinition of the terms criminal liability and non-imputability. ; El presente artículo contiene un estudio histórico, normativo y doctrinario sobre la imputabilidad disminuida como elemento de la culpabilidad penal. Se expone, en un primer apartado, el surgimiento de esta figura hasta su incorporación formal en las legislaciones y en los procesos judiciales. Luego se examinan los diversos planteamientos en relación con la respuesta que debe ofrecer el derecho penal para los supuestos en que se demuestra que una persona cometió un hecho sancionado como delito, actuando bajo un estado de imputabilidad disminuida. Finalmente, se propone la eliminación de este polémico concepto de la teoría del delito a partir de una redefinición de los términos imputabilidad e inimputabilidad.
