The article covers the issues, conceptual category of "source of law" in general and discusses the formation of the source base of disciplinary - tort law, in particular. The author examines the approaches of scientists to the category of "source of law", and also proposes his own approach to the definition of this concept. In addition, this scholarly work emphasizes that disciplinary and tort law, as an institution of business law, is poorly researched, which impedes its systematization and its expedient application in practice. Certainly this condition is facilitated by the lack of a clear definition of the range of legal acts that are intended to regulate a given branch of law. That is why, understanding the severity of the problem, within this article, the author concentrates his attention precisely on the issues of sources of disciplinary and tort law, and gives his own classification of the latter. For this purpose, the source base is classified into three main systems, namely normative, casuistic and informal, within which subcategories are distinguished. In order to fully disclose the selected issues, the author analyzes both domestic and foreign regulatory acts, in particular, analyzes the acts of the relevant legislation. Particular attention is drawn to the legal acts of the European Community, because given the European guidelines of Ukraine for the author's belief it is appropriate. In addition, the practical aspects of this topic are covered within the scope of scientific work, in particular the provisions of the case law are considered.
The article deals with the activities of informational agencies in the media providing the international state activity according to the fact that current major world informational agencies play a major, and to some respect an exclusive role in the functioning of global information and communication flows. On the example of the Ukrainian National Information Agency «Ukrinform» functioning study there were achieved the main purposes of the research: to prove the role of a system-called news agency in an objective and attractive representation of Ukraine in the world, such as spreading the news and forming a positive international image of Ukraine. Applied research methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, analogy, classification, monitoring, and document analysis. The main conclusions are the recognition of the news agencies activity to be of great importance and powerful, but currently been not a sufficiently involved resource for promoting and protecting the national interests and democratic changes in our country, positioning Ukraine on the world information map as an independent and pro-European country.
The article deals with certain problems arising out of implementation of criminal liability of legal entities in Ukraine. The author researches experience of criminal liability of legal entities in some foreign countries and analyzes existing problems of this institute. Foreign and national approaches to criminal liability of legal entities have been compared. The issue of incompliance between international standards in criminal law and traditional approaches to the main institutes of criminal law in Ukraine has been considered. The article deals with theoretical and practical application of criminal liability against legal entities. Grounds for criminal liability and types of punishment which can be applied to legal entities and their future implementation in Ukraine have been emphasized. It has been established that economic imfluence is the most effective against legal entities. That is why the most common type of sanctions for legal entities is fine. Implementation of criminal liability of legal entities in foreign legislation was a significant step towards counteraction to illegal activities of these entities. Foreign experience is useful and efficient for future implementation of European integration of Ukraine and attempts to solve existing problems related to bringing of legal entities to liability. At the same time, it would be possible to use experience of the state which implemented the most effective mechanisms of impact on legal entities for corruption and other crimes. For national legislation this step is really revolutionary. But if the legislator is interested that this institute operates effectively certain amendments and supplements to the Criminal Code of Ukraine are needed.
У статті розкрито особливості взаємозв'язку та відмінності між фінансово-правовою відповідальністю та іншими видами юридичної відповідальності. Відзначено, що юридична відповідальність має ті ж властивості, що й нормативність, а нормативність юридичної відповідальності, як і нормативність права, включає можливість державного примусу. З'ясовано, що юридична відповідальність визначається чинним законодавством і настає за проступки або злочини, тобто за протиправні дії, які особа вчиняє умисно або з необережності і які заборонені законом та стоять під загрозою покарання. Встановлено, що усі види юридичної відповідальності здійснюються на основі нормативної структури, яка являє собою єдність матеріальних і процесуальних правових норм. Виявлено, що притягнення до фінансово-правової відповідальності не виключає одночасного притягнення до інших видів юридичної відповідальності. Наголошено, що конституційну відповідальність можна визначити як засновані на державному (або прирівняному до нього суспільному) примусі конституційні відносини, які виникають з моменту вчинення конституційного порушення і які винний (правопорушник) повинен нести. Констатовано, що взаємодія фінансово-правової та кримінальної відповідальності має функціональний характер, який полягає в тому, що норми режиму кримінальної та фінансово-правової відповідальності залучаються до регулювання та захисту валюти, податків, банківського забезпечення тощо. Акцентовано, що зв'язок фінансово-правової та цивільної відповідальності простежується в кількох напрямках, однак фінансово-правова відповідальність не сприяє захисту відносин приватної власності. Виявлено, що між фінансовою та адміністративною відповідальністю існує тісний зв'язок, спільні риси якого висвітлюють публічність, нерівність сторін, спрощений порядок накладення стягнення тощо. Перспективою подальших досліджень у цьому напрямі є дослідження сутності, принципів, ознак та функцій і особливостей фінансово-правової відповідальності в Україні.
The labor and legal liability within the agencies of the National Police of Ukraine in the conditions of its reform has been characterized; its structural elements have been considered. It has been determined that the emergence of the term "labor and legal liability" is explained by the fact that such a liability arises during the implementation of labor legal relations or is directly related to their origin, change or termination. Labor and legal liability – is the responsibility in the labor process, responsibility for activities related to the realization of the right to work, responsibility of the subjects of labor law for their actions or omission. The notion of disciplinary liability is not enshrined at the legislative level, therefore, to find out its legal nature, the author has analyzed the opinions of scholars. The characteristics of the draft of the Disciplinary Statute of the National Police of Ukraine concerning disciplinary penalties and encouragement of the police officers have been provided. It has been determined that the characteristic feature of material liability is the possibility of its application to both parties to the labor contract. The material liability of the police officers is expressed in their obligation to fully or partially compensate for the pecuniary damage caused by their fault. It has been concluded that the material liability of the police officers is divided into limited, full and increased. The type of the liability depends on the characteristics of the service, the duties of employees, the manner of causing damage, the degree and form of guilt, the status of the person who caused the damage, the value and type of property. It has been determined that there is not enough attention paid to the protection of the honor, dignity and reputation of the police officers in the norms of the Law of Ukraine "On the National Police"; therefore it has been offered to make certain amendments to the current legislation. The author has provided own definition of the concept of "labor and legal liability within the agencies of the National Police of Ukraine". ; Охарактеризовано трудоправову відповідальність в органах Національної поліції України в умовах її реформування, розглянуто її структурні елементи. Визначено, що виникнення терміна «трудоправова відповідальність» пояснюється тим, що така відповідальність виникає під час реалізації трудових правовідносин або безпосередньо пов'язана з їхнім виникненням, зміною чи припиненням. Наведено авторське визначення поняття «трудоправова відповідальність в органах Національної поліції України».
The author has researched the concept and forms of consolidation of international standards in the field of administrative liability; has analyzed international regulatory acts and has carried out their classification according to the sphere of administrative liability. It has been substantiated that each branch of law is characterized by a special, own system of sources, types of sources of law stem from the very content of social relations, through the specificity of which such a branch of law is allocated and exists. The object of regulation and method directly determine not only the composition and type of the norms of the relevant field of legislation, but also the type, as well as the scope of forms of expressing the law. That is, certain types of law norms, and, consequently, the types of forms of its expression correspond to each branch of law. The features of various social systems, the diversity of forms of state intervention into public relations are clearly determined in this phenomenon. In particular, certain provisions of the institution of administrative liability in the field of administrative law of Ukraine are more regulated in international treaties (declarations, conventions and recommendations). It has been established that the formation of a new legal space and the change of social priorities lead to the need to research established legal institutions in a new light, more thorough, which create the foundation of the legal system and ensure the proper functioning of legal relations in the country, in particular the institution of administrative liability. It has been proved that the form of consolidation of the norms of international law as a way of giving them an official, compulsory nature, are sources of international law. Due to the specificity of international law and the process of establishing its norms, there is no a legal act recognized by all the subjects of international law that establishes the list of sources of international law and their definition. ; Досліджено поняття та форми закріплення міжнародних стандартів у сфері адміністративної відповідальності, проаналізовано міжнародні нормативно-правові акти і здійснено їх видову класифікацію відповідно до сфери адміністративної відповідальності.
У статті проаналізовано окремі проблемні питання щодо правового регулювання відповідальності у сфері охорони здоров'я; обґрунтовано розмежування договірної та деліктної відповідальності медичних працівників.Встановлено особливості відповідальності медичних працівників в Україні, Європейському союзі та США шляхом аналізу нормативно-правових актів медичного законодавства, судової практики, позицій провідних науковців у медичній і юридичній сфері щодо категорії «медична (лікарська) помилка», «необережність», «казус», а також медичних статистичних даних. Проаналізовано можливості та шляхи уніфікації нормнаціонального законодавства з відповідними стандартами Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров'я, зокрема через роботу над міжнародною класифікацією основних понять в області безпеки пацієнтів.Ключові слова: відповідальність медичних працівників, деліктна відповідальність, лікарська помилка, система безпеки пацієнтів ; The article is analyzed specific issues regarding the legal regulation of health care liability; the delineation of contractual and tort liability of medical professionals is justified.Installed particular qualities of medical staff responsibility in Ukraine, the European Union and the United States by analysis of regulatory legal acts of health legislation, judicial practice, the positions of the leading scientists in the medical and legal field. The categories are disclosed: «medical (medical) error», «negligence», «incident» and medical statistics examined. Analyzed the opportunities and ways to unify the norms of national legislation with relevant standards of the World Health Organization in particular due to work on an international classification of basic concepts in the field of patient safety.Keywords: responsibility of medical staff, tort liability, medical error, patient safety system
The article is devoted to the research of legal ethics and disciplinary liability of the lawyer for their violation, the necessity and expediency of such liability. It has been discovered that the legal community is a part of the modern Ukrainian society, which stands guard over the protection of its interests. The appropriate constitutional status and responsibilities imposed on the advocacy cause the society's acute attention to the moral and ethical component of the activity of the advocacy in general and each lawyer in particular. It concerns both daily activities in real life and legal activities in social networks, which have become a significant part of our reality due to their total dissemination in personal and professional life of the individual. Such increased public attention to advocacy determines the need to ensure appropriate quality control over the specified professional activity, which is carried out by specialized structural divisions of the advocacy as an autonomous and self-governing institute in Ukraine. The results of such control are the disciplinary liability of the lawyer. The definition of disciplinary liability of a lawyer is a special type of legal liability applicable to a lawyer based on the results of a disciplinary proceeding carried out by a qualification and disciplinary commission of the advocacy for committing a disciplinary offensce. The content of the Legal Ethics Rules has been researched and found to be rather extensive and contains only imperative obligations and prohibitions but does not contain specific guidance on the use of clearly defined sanctions for violation of a particular Rule. And the adherence of the lawyer to the Rules of Legal Ethics, the admissibility of their actions and statements in real life, as well as their activities in social networks are is determined on the basis of appraisal concepts and depends on the discretion of the authorities with the right of official interpretation of the Rules of Legal Ethics in the process of disciplinary proceedings and, as a result, disciplinarypenalties.
The paper deals with a research of Tort law school development in St. Volodymyr's University – Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. The purpose of the research is to analyse the development of the Tort law school and to study the main trends and key directions of the development. The author applied lots of different research methods, among which were historical and legal method (for the analysis of the works from the past), analysis and synthesis (for stating the peculiarities of the research approaches in different studies' periods). Also, such methods as philosophy methods (dialectic and hermeneutic), general research methods (systemic and structural-functional), general logic methods (induction and deduction, analogy, abstraction, generalization, formalization, and modelling) were used. The topic of civil torts was interesting for the researchers from Kyiv University law school any time while the depth of interest and research approaches differed depending on the historical period. Before the revolution of 1917 the researchers mostly looked on the torts as on the type of civil obligation and the reward for damage caused. No one treated the torts from the standpoint of a type of civil liability at that time. The Soviet period of the Tort law School development was characterized by a change of the research vector. The researchers started focusing on civil torts as liability rather than civil obligations. Tort liability is a type of civil liability and the latter is a type of legal liability. That causes a regime when the researchers (some well-known names of that time are: Gennadiy Matveev, Yuriy Matveev, Dina Bobrova, Yaroslavna Shevchenko etc.) mostly analyse civil tort as a civil liability. They focused their attention on the foundations and the conditions of tort liability. Precisely at that time, the theory of "civil wrong compound" as the main foundation of civil liability appeared. Independent Ukraine spawned a new pleiad of researchers whose research interest was civil torts. Modern civil law doctrine started refusing the understanding of civil tort as a type of civil liability. It comes back to the tort as a type of obligation. Moreover, modern researchers look on the tort's issues much wider – through the prism of legal regulation mechanism. Constantly, modern researchers of Taras Shevchenko National University Law School pay great attention to the new topical spheres of torts, particularly to non-pecuniary damage compensation, damage compensation caused by the State and State agencies and product liability together with digital product liability. Keywords: tort, civil liability, damage compensation, history of legal research, scientific school.
This article deals with the concept, essence of the institution of exemption from criminal liability and challenges of the functioning of this institution. The objective of the institution of exemption from criminal liability is to prevent the restriction of human rights by bringing the violator to criminal responsibility that is not proportional to its objectives. The Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine defined the concept of exemption from criminal liability in 2005. This definition does not correspond to the modern realities of the development of criminal legal science and practice. In particular, while it is mentioned that, in fact, a State refuses to impose penal measures on a person, it is not specified why such a refusal exists. There is a need to establish in article 44 of the Criminal Code a definition that will reflect the imposition of the investigational institution more accurately, as its application is not only a clemency of the State against the perpetrator of the crime, but is based on the fact that the objectives of punishment are achieved without the actual prosecution of the perpetrator. Another problem is that the criminal legislation of Ukraine does not provide for the quantitative restriction of the application of exemption from criminal liability to a particular person. His absence calls into question the very existence of this institution, since in a situation of repeated commission of a crime by a person against whom such exemption has been applied, it can be said that neither the purpose of exemption from criminal responsibility nor the purpose of punishment in general has been achieved against him. Another challenge is the issue of the patterns for the application of exemption from criminal liability. The main reason is the commission of the crime for the first time. However, the Criminal Code of Ukraine does not specify what should be understood by the crime committed for the first time. The question of taking into account the identity of the perpetrator in the application of ...
Comprehensive detailed analysis of employee involvement in disciplinary responsibility was carried out. This work was carried out on the basis of the general procedure under the Labour Code, as well as special form of disciplinary responsibility of the Prosecutor as a special subject of the violation. The work was carried out on the basis of analysis of relevant legal sources, namely: the Constitution of Ukraine, the law of Ukraine "On Prosecutor's Office", on the basis of the Code of labour laws of Ukraine, thoughts of scientists and practice, personal understanding of the issue. The composition of the disciplinary offense is investigated, the term of disciplinary misconduct with criticism and understanding of the issue by the legislator and a number of scientists was disclosed, a personal understanding of the term was provided, taking into account all the above-mentioned sources and various scientific approaches. The historical development of the institute of disciplinary responsibility of prosecutors from the beginning of Ukraine's independence until today is traced. It takes into account the painful and problematic issues of bringing prosecutors to disciplinary responsibility, the high level of corruption and low legal understanding of the population's legal awareness. The ethical component of the prosecutor's status was taken into account, the Image and degree of public attitude to prosecutors-violators with appropriate personal critical assessment, different views of relevant specialists and providing the necessary recommendations. In the future it will be impossible to avoid the responsibility by prosecutor who violates the law.
This article substantiates the conclusion that the administrative responsibility for violation of legislation in the field of food safety and quality - is regulated by the administrative and procedural rules of the activities of competent entities, aimed at forcing the offender to take restrictive measures of material and moral nature for offenses, determined by the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and other laws of Ukraine that regulate relations in the field of security STI and food quality. Today, the rules of the Code of Administrative Offenses contain Art. Art. 42, 42-1, 42-2, 107, 166-22, 188-22, which imply threatening the health of citizens by violating sanitary standards, violating the rules of procurement, processing or marketing of radioactively contaminated food or other products, violation of requirements safety legislation and individual food quality indicators. At the same time, a broader list of administrative offenses of food and feed legislation is provided for in Article 65 of the Law of Ukraine "On State Control of Compliance with Food, Feed, Animal By-Products, Animal Health and Welfare". The peculiarities of administrative responsibility for violations of the legislation in the field of food safety and quality are: an administrative offense is the basis for bringing to administrative responsibility, provided for by Art. 65 of the Law of Ukraine "On State Control of Compliance with Food, Feed, Animal By-Products, Animal Health and Welfare" and Article 42-2 of the Code of Administrative Offenses; types of structures of administrative offenses that determine the grounds for administrative responsibility for violation of food law regulated by the sphere of regulatory acts; Authorized public authorities, in particular the state inspector and the state veterinary inspector, are subject to administrative liability for violation of food law; the perpetrators of unlawful acts, such as violations of the hygienic requirements for the production and / or circulation of food or feed, are ...
The article considers the signs of responsibility of the participants of joint-stock legal relations. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that shareholder liability is characterized by certain features, which, in turn, can be divided into general and special. Shareholder liability has a direct connection with the joint-stock legal relationship and can be applied only to the participants of the relevant legal relationship, the basis for civil liability to the participants of the joint-stock legal relationship is non-performance or improper performance of duties by the latter, local acts, shareholder agreement, and violation of the rights, legitimate interests of other participants in the relationship. Another sign of liability of participants in joint-stock legal relations is the possibility of its application both in court and out of court, as joint-stock legal relations are inherently internal, and the liability that may apply to their participants and the procedure for its application should be provided not only legislative, but also at the local level. Several persons may violate the corporate rights of the parties to the respective legal relations, they are liable as joint and several debtors. That is, in case of inflicting losses on the company by actions (inaction) of its officials collegial-ly, the company may apply to all members of the company or to one of them. Liability of participants of joint-stock legal relations can be applied only at the initiative of the participant whose rights have been violated, shareholders may not go to court to protect the rights and interests of other shareholders and the company outside the relationship, as well as justify their claims by violating the rights of other shareholders. The peculiarity of the liability of participants in joint-stock legal relations is that the grounds for its application, type and amount may be provided not only by law but also by special local acts, such as charter, shareholder agreement, which may define its boundaries, sanctions, grounds for dismissal, distribution risks, etc. Thus the increased responsibility can be established both by the law, and the charter or the joint-stock contract, limited by the law, and the charter and the joint-stock contract - if it is not forbidden by the imperative norm. ; У статті розглянуто ознаки відповідальності учасників акціонерних правовідносин. На підставі проведеного аналізу зроблено висновки, що акціонерній відповідальності властиві певні ознаки, які у свою чергу можна поділити на загальні та спеціальні. Акціонерна відповідальність має безпосереднійзв'язок з акціонерними правовідносинами та може застосовуватися виключно до учасників відповідного правового зв'язку. Підставою застосування цивільно-правової відповідальності до учасників акціонерних правовідносин є невиконання або неналежне виконання обов'язків останніми, що можуть передбачатися законодавством, локальними актами, акціонерним договором, та порушення прав, законних інтересів інших учасників окреслених відносин. Ще однією ознакою відповідальності учасників акціонерних правовідносин є можливість її застосування як у судовому, так і в позасудовому порядку, оскільки акціонерні правовідносини за своєю суттю є внутрішніми, то і відповідальність, що може застосовуватися до їхніх учасників, і порядок її застосування повинні передбачатися не лише на законодавчому, а й на локальному рівні. Порушувати корпоративні права учасників відповідних правовідносин можуть декілька осіб, вони несуть відповідальність як солідарні боржники. Тобто у разі завдання збитків товариству діями (бездіяльністю) його посадових осіб колегіально товариство може звернутися з відповідною вимогою до всіх членів органів товариства або до окремого з них. Відповідальність учасників акціонерних правовідносин може застосовуватися лише за ініціативою учасника, чиї права порушено, акціонери не вправі звертатися до суду за захистом прав та інтересів інших акціонерів та самого товариства поза відносинами представництва, а також обґрунтовувати свої вимоги порушенням прав інших акціонерів. Особливістю відповідальності учасників акціонерних правовідносин є те, що підстави її застосування, вид і розмір можуть передбачатися не лише нормами законодавства, а й спеціальними локальними актами, такими як статут, акціонерний договір, де можуть бути визначені її межі, види санкцій, підстави звільнення, розподіл ризиків тощо. При цьому підвищена відповідальність може бути встановлена як законом, так і статутом або акціонерним договором, обмежена законом, а статутом та акціонерним договором - якщо цього не забороняє імперативна норма.
Despite numerous in-depth scientific works, we believe that the issue of disciplinary and criminal prosecution of medical workers needs further study in the light of legislative changes and law-making activities of the European Court of Human Rights. The purpose of the article is to characterize the national legislation governing the disciplinary and criminal prosecution of medical workers. The article analyzes the national legislation governing criminal and disciplinary proceedings for medical offenses. It is established that the criminal legislation in the field of regulation of criminal liability for medical crimes needs to be improved, in particular Art. 140 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Based on the generalization of case law, it was concluded that there is no single approach to determining the objective side of this type of crime. This requirement is related to the need to avoid cases of unjustified criminal prosecution of medical workers, when criminal prosecution is carried out and only in court the truth in the case is established and an acquittal is passed. The study provided an opportunity to conclude that a disciplinary misdemeanor is an illegal culpable act or omission, which is expressed in non-performance or improper performance by the employee of duties and other requirements imposed on him under labor law, other special regulations, for which may be subject to disciplinary action. Like any offense, a disciplinary offense is characterized by a set of objective and subjective features, called the composition of the offense: the subject, the subjective side, the object, the objective side. Disciplinary liability of a medical worker is a separate type of legal liability that arises in the event of a disciplinary misconduct by a medical worker. Disciplinary liability of medical workers occurs not only for disciplinary misconduct, but also for violation of moral and ethical norms, as workers in this category must comply with the requirements of professional ethics, respect for honor and dignity of ...
The article is devoted to the study, analysis of problems that have arisen in connection with the epidemic and the establishment of quarantine, the definition of means to ensure compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements and the consequences of their violation. In particular, it is important to clarify the possibilities of civil law to prevent the threat of harm to participants in civil relations during COVID-19 (in quarantine, adapted quarantine, etc.) and compensation for damage caused by the creation or "non-liquidation" of such a threat. Given the fact that the success of countries that have used severe restrictions to overcome COVID-19 is both a major factor in exacerbating conflicts of interest, as well as the categories of "expediency" and "compliance", it is concluded that legal protection of human rights be formed in such a way as to avoid the cognitive dissonance that arises as a result of the conflict of basic provisions of private and public law: "everything is allowed except what is prohibited by law" and "only what is allowed by law is possible". It should be assumed that the usual way of legal existence of an individual is his participation in civil relations of a private type. The most effective form of protection of the rights of an individual in such cases is to compensate for the damage caused to his or her interests as a result of failure to eliminate the threat. In this case, the right of the interested person to demand compensation for the damage may be implemented in cases where, as a result of the creation of the threat and its non-elimination by those who created the threat caused damage. Analysis of insufficiently active application of Chapter 81 of the Civil Code of Ukraine shows that the reason for this is the apparent simplicity of public law means, the government's belief in achieving a positive result quickly, low level of legal culture, lack of special mechanism for filing lawsuits to eliminate the threat. These shortcomings can be remedied by introducing so-called "popularization" lawsuits, which could be addressed by anyone who creates or does not eliminate the threat, demanding the elimination of the danger that threatened not only him but also other citizens. ; Стаття присвячена вивченню, аналізу проблем, які виникли у зв'язку з епідемією та встановленням карантину, визначення засобів забезпечення дотримання санітарно-епідеміологічних вимог та наслідків їх порушення. Зокрема, важливим є з'ясування можливостей цивільного законодавства для попередження загрози завдання шкоди учасниками цивільних відносин під час COVID-19 (в умовах карантину, адаптованого карантину тощо) та відшкодування шкоди, завданої створенням або «неліквідацією» такої загрози. Із урахуванням тієї обставини, що успіхи країн, які використовували жорсткі обмеження для подолання CGVID-i9, водночас є головним чинником загострення конфлікту інтересів, а також категорій «доцільність» і «правовідповідність», робиться висновок, що юридичне забезпечення прав людини-приватної особи має формуватися таким чином, аби уникнути когнітивного дисонансу, який виникає внаслідок колізії базовихположень приватного та публічного права: «Дозволено все, крім того, що заборонено законом» і «Можна лише те, що дозволено законом». При цьому слід виходити з того, що звичайним способом правового буття людини-приватної особи є її участь у цивільних відносинах приватного типу. Найбільш дієвою формою захисту прав приватної особи у таких випадках є відшкодування шкоди, завданої її інтересам внаслідок неусунення загрози. При цьому право заінтересованої особи вимагати відшкодування завданої шкоди може бути реалізоване внаслідок створення загрози та її неусунення тим, хто створив небезпеку, життю, здоров'ю, завдано шкоду. Аналіз недостатньо активного застосування норм глави 81 ЦК України показує, що чинником цього є видима простота публічно-правових засобів, переконаність влади у швидкому досягненні за допомогою цих засобів позитивного результату, низький рівень правової культури, відсутність спеціального механізму подання позовів про усунення загрози. Ці вади можна усунути шляхом запровадження так званих «популяторних» позовів, з якими до того, хто створює або не усуває загрозу, міг би звертатися будь-хто, вимагаючи усунення небезпеки, яка загрожувала не тільки йому, але й іншим громадянам.
