Suchergebnisse

Constitution and State Responsibility (administrative law) are fairly close terms, not only because they coincide in the most determining aspects of their evolution and consolidation, but also because they both constantly dialogue and nourish each other reciprocally. In effect, the active role that the public administration began to have towards the end of the 18th century led to the need to establish limits to the exercise of power and to the idea that the latter should submit to the law. Additionally, respect for fundamental rights became a requirement for state authorities and a limit for their actions. With the emergence of modern constitutions and with the passage of the irresponsible State to the responsible State, the responsibility of the public administration increasingly becomes an important and effective mechanism to control and limit the exercise of power and to guarantee fundamental rights and the supremacy of the constitutional text, a circumstance that is also seen in the context of a democratic Constitution –like the Colombian Constitution of 1991–, in which the responsibility of the State contributes, in addition, to respect and fulfillment of the popular will expressed in the Politic Constitution. ; Constitución y responsabilidad Estatal (derecho administrativo) son términos bastante cercanos, no sólo porque coinciden en los aspectos más determinantes de su evolución y conso-lidación, sino también porque ambos dialogan constantemente y se nutren recíprocamente. En efecto, el papel activo que empezó a tener la administración pública hacia finales del S iglo XVIII condujo a la necesidad de establecer unos límites al ejercicio del poder y a la idea de que este último debía someterse al derecho. Adicionalmente, el respeto a los Derechos Fundamentales pasó a ser una exigencia para las autoridades estatales y un límite para sus actuaciones. Con el surgimiento de las constituciones modernas y con el paso del Estado irresponsable al Estado responsable, la responsabilidad de la administración pública se convierte cada vez más en un importante y efectivo mecanismo para controlar y limitar el ejercicio del poder y garantizar mate -rialmente los derechos fundamentales y la supremacía del texto constitucional, circunstancia que también se aprecia en el contexto de una Constitución democrática -como la colombiana de 1991-, en la que la responsabilidad del Estado contribuye, además, al respeto y al cumplimiento de la voluntad popular expresada en la Carta Política.

This article presents briefly the role of credit rating in the financial markets. After it provides a first overview of the legislation outlined by the European legislator, in particular on the rules on civil liability of agencies in the event of dissemination of an erroneous credit rating. At the end, it exposes some of its shortcomings. ; El presente artículo, luego de exponer brevemente el rol de la calificación crediticia en los mercados financieros, brinda una primera panorámica sobre la normativa delineada por el legislador europeo, en particular sobre aquellas normas relativas al tema de la responsabilidad civil de las agencias en caso de difusión de una calificación crediticia errónea, y pone al descubierto algunas de sus deficiencias.

When the people are several the calls to be responsible for a same damage the question of the civil responsibility takes a new dimension that demands an independent and specialized legal treatment. In effect, in case of finding to us before the one assumption he makes specific illicit obligatory legal relation derived from a civil fact with object unit and plurality of creditors the question that considers is if the creditor could demand the totality of the benefit to each one of indebted - solidarity, or ifthe debit will be divided in the so many parts whatever is the indebted ones- joint obligation. For that reason, we will approach the treatment that as much the jurisprudence as the legislation has granted to the subject. ; Cuando son varias las personas llamadas a responder por un mismo daño la cuestión de la responsabilidad civil toma una nueva dimensión que exige un tratamientojurídico autónomo y especializado. En efecto, en caso de hallarnos ante el supuesto de una concreta relación jurídica obligatoria derivada de un hecho ilícito civil conunidad de objeto y pluralidad de acreedores la pregunta que se plantea es si el acreedor podría reclamar la totalidad de la prestación a cada uno de los deudores –solidaridad-,o bien si el débito resultará dividido en tantas partes cuantas sean los deudores–mancomunidad. Por ello, abordaremos el tratamiento que tanto la jurisprudencia como la legislación han concedido al tema.

All companies, regardless of the sector they belong to, can positively or negatively impact human rights. Governments are increasingly aware of the benefits that free trade brings their nations, which has led them to do whatever is necessaryto attract foreign investment, even if it means to act against the interests of their own people. The power relationship between corporations and states generates a tension derived from their nature: while the objective of states is the welfare ofits members, the purpose of corporations is profit. It is in the crack generated by the collision of powers and purposes between these two actors, that this article is intended to raise the discussion on the need to establish an international framework for corporate liability for human rights violations. To achieve its goal, the article will analyze the opportunities and obstacles raised by the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the American context and its relationship with the developments in the business and human rights field.

All companies, regardless of the sector they belong to, can positively or negatively impact human rights. Governments are increasingly aware of the benefits that free trade brings their nations, which has led them to do whatever is necessaryto attract foreign investment, even if it means to act against the interests of their own people. The power relationship between corporations and states generates a tension derived from their nature: while the objective of states is the welfare ofits members, the purpose of corporations is profit. It is in the crack generated by the collision of powers and purposes between these two actors, that this article is intended to raise the discussion on the need to establish an international framework for corporate liability for human rights violations. To achieve its goal, the article will analyze the opportunities and obstacles raised by the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the American context and its relationship with the developments in the business and human rights field.

The Public Liability reaffirms the quality of the rule of law. In the sense of the new Constitution, the impact of the regulation of public liability requires reflecting on the essential aspects of its historical tract, constitutional development and configuration of its legal regime. To this visions, the article proposes to assess, in the heat of the constitutional process, the impact of its regulation on the current legal regime. The assessments that are made of the public liability in its various spheres of deployment, allow to conclude about the essential aspects on which legislative changes must be produced so that it is regulated and applied properly, according to its purpose as a patrimonial guarantee of citizens against the damages suffered by the exercise of public power. ; La responsabilidad patrimonial resulta una institución que reafirma la calidad del Estado de Derecho. Al calor de la nueva Constitución de la República de 2019, el impacto de la regulación de la responsabilidad patrimonial precisa reflexionar sobre los aspectos esenciales de su tracto histórico, desarrollo constitucional y configuración de su régimen jurídico. A tales efectos, el artículo se propone valorar, al calor de proceso constitucional, el impacto de su regulación sobre el régimen jurídico actual. Las valoraciones que se realizan de la responsabilidad patrimonial en sus diversas esferas de despliegue, permiten concluir acerca de los aspectos esenciales sobre los cuales deben producirse cambios legislativos de modo que se regule y aplique adecuadamente, conforme a su finalidad como garantía patrimonial de los ciudadanos antes los daños sufridos por el ejercicio del poder público.

El presente Trabajo tiene su razón de ser en las numerosas dudas interpretativas que genera, a día de hoy, el art. 1910 de nuestro Código civil. Y es que estas no solo tienen una palmaria repercusión teórica, sino que, también, se manifiestan de manera frecuente en la práctica forense de nuestros juzgados y tribunales, y ello precisamente por la gran litigiosidad de la materia. Por ese motivo, el estudio de cada uno de los elementos que componen el meritado precepto se verá complementado con la jurisprudencia más relevante recaída al respecto, que, esperemos, arroje cierta luz sobre la parca conceptualización por la que opta el legislador de 1889. ; The purpose of this paper is to resolve the numerous interpretative doubts that Article 1910 of Spanish Civil Code generates today. These doubts not only have a clear theoretical repercussion, but they also manifest themselves in the practice of Spanish Courts, due to the litigiousness of this matter. For that reason, the analysis of each of the elements that make up the Article will be complemented with the most relevant case-law on the subject. We hope that this study will shed some light on the vague conceptualization chosen by the legislator of 1889.

Operation Inherent resolve against ISIL in Syria has revitalised the debate on the legitimacy of the «unwilling or unable» State theory. Starting from 9/11 terrorist attacks, States' practice has shown a growing tendency to expand the right of self-defence of Article 51 of the U.N: Charter. Thus, the present study primarily revises the first extension of self-defence that took place after 9/11 allowing its invocation against the State that shelters a terrorist group. Moreover, it analyses a second expansion of the right of self-defence based on the «unwilling or unable» theory which seems to trespass into States' strict liability for not preventing terrorists attacks originating from their territory. ; La vertiente siria de la operación Determinación absoluta contra la organización terrorista del Daesh ha vuelto a poner sobre el tapete la licitud de la teoría del Estado que «no quiere o no puede» combatir de manera eficaz las organizaciones terroristas presentes en su territorio. A partir de los atentados del 11-S, la práctica de los Estados ha demostrado una tendencia creciente a ensanchar los límites del derecho de legítima defensa del artículo 51 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas. En el presente estudio se sostiene que, después de una primera ampliación (posterior al 11-S) de la legítima defensa, está dándose una segunda que, fundamentada en la teoría del Estado que «no quiere o no puede», justificaría el recurso a la fuerza militar frente a la responsabilidad objetiva o indirecta del Estado territorial.

The State contract is one of the most important tools for public management. The formation, execution and liquidation of State contracts are also a potential cause of State patrimonial damages. Perhaps for this reason, many State contractors are prosecuted as if they were public spending managers. The question, however, is not as simple. The fiscal liability process has a qualified recipient: the fiscal manager. In this article, through a conceptual exposition and a case study, we identify the criterion for determining in which cases a State contractor acquires the function of controlling public funds and when he/she can be subjected to a fiscal liability. ; El contrato estatal es una de las más importantes herramientas para la gestión fiscal. La celebración, ejecución y liquidación de contratos estatales también es una fuente potencial de daños patrimoniales al Estado. Quizá por eso, muchos contratistas del Estado son llamados a responder fiscalmente como si fueran auténticos ordenadores del gasto público. La cuestión, sin embargo, no es así de sencilla. El proceso de responsabilidad fiscal tiene un destinatario cualificado: el gestor fiscal. En este artículo, mediante una exposición conceptual y un estudio de caso, se identifican los criterios para determinar en qué eventos un contratista del Estado queda investido de la función de administrar fondos públicos y cuándo puede verse sometido a un proceso de responsabilidad fiscal.

The objective of the study is to analyze the economic impact of Covid-19 on travel and tourism agencies in the city of Chachapoyas in Peru during the year 2021. The methodology is developed under a quantitative approach, gathering information through interviews and surveys applied to 31 travel and tourism agencies in the city of Chachapoyas. In the results, it has been determined that the sanitary measures given by the government because of the Covid-19 pandemic, causing a serious negative economic impact on travel and tourism agencies, resulting in 29% of the total number of tourist agencies closing temporarily, 19.4% of companies are operating part-time, which means that almost half of the travel and tourism agencies have decided to reinvent themselves in other commercial areas, due to the low demand of domestic and foreign tourists who visit us. It is concluded that the impacts of the pandemic on these sectors require adjustments in the decision making process.

On the occasion of the recent legislative changes contained in the Ordered Text of law 27444, Law on General Administrative Procedure, the legal nature of the most recent exemptions of administrative liability is analyzed. Likewise, a count is made of the exemptions that already existed in the environmental legislation and how they had been operating; in order to see the points of contact between a subjective liability regime, based on guilt, and a relative, risk-based objective liability system.

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the requirements for the formation of indicators of the financial position report to ensure the property rights of the owners of shares of limited liability companies. The legislation of the Russian Federation allows participants of limited liability companies to withdraw from the list of participants and receive a «real value» of a share, which is calculated according to the balance sheet data. Meanwhile, the legislation on accounting does not ensure the realization of the property rights of owners of shares of limited liability companies. The study is based on an analysis of the fundamental provisions on accounting (the theory of static and dynamic balance), research papers on accounting, legislation of the Russian Federation governing the business activities of limited liability companies. The result of the study is proposals for changing the requirements for the content and evaluation of articles in the statement of financial position since the current Russian legislator has determined this form of reporting as the basis for the distribution of property when participants leave limited liability companies. Ensuring the property rights of participants in limited liability companies will be implemented in the preparation of a statement of financial position based on static balance theory.

The civil codes of Argentina and Perú are two of the few South American civil laws that, with different legal formulas, recognize on the creditor party a burden or duty of mitigate damages. On this basis, this paper aims to arrive, after a general approach to the duty or burden of mitigate damages in case of breach of contract, to a brief comparative analysis about the regulation that this figure has received in both civil codes, dealing with matters related not only to the structure and content of rules concerning this duty, but also to the juridical nature and foundations of the mitigation. All in order to stablish the existing similarities and differences between rules that incorporate the duty to mitigate damages in the civil codes of Argentina and Perú, the possibility of finding a common juridical foundation to both legislations, and the incidence of such a foundation in the interpretative scope of the rules mentioned.

The capacity of state agencies varies greatly among Latin American states, but this significant variation remains largely understudied in political science. The few studies that do analyze this phenomenon primarily concentrate on domestic causes as explanations for the variation. This article focuses on another influence on agency capacities that contributes to understand this uneven capacity of the state in the region: international determinants, and proposes two mechanisms that link external causes to enhancement of agency capacities in developing states: a) capacity by external challenges and b) capacity by external linkages. The operation of these mechanisms is illustrated through an analysis of state agencies in Colombia and Peru. ; La capacidad de las agencias estatales varía fuertemente entre los Estados de Latinoamérica, pero ha sido poco estudiada en la ciencia política. Los pocos estudios que analizan este fenómeno se centran principalmente en causas domésticas para explicar tal diferencia. Este artículo se concentra en otra fuente de capacidad de las agencias estatales que contribuye a entender este tema: los determinantes internacionales, y propone dos mecanismos que vinculan estas causas externas con el aumento de la capacidad de las agencias estatales en los Estados en desarrollo: a) la capacidad por desafíos externos y b) la capacidad por vínculos externos. El funcionamiento de ambos mecanismos se ilustra analizando agencias estatales de Colombia y el Perú.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las características de las agencias de promoción de inversión extranjera poniendo el foco en las agencias del ámbito autonómico español, con el fin de entender el papel que desempeñan en la atracción de inversión extranjera directa. El estudio se dirige específicamente a analizar la evolución, estructura, características y organización interna. ; The aim of this paper is to analyse the features of foreign investment promotion agencies focusing on Spanish regional agencies, with the goal of understanding the role they play in the attraction of foreign direct investment. This study aims specifically to analyse the evolution, structure, features and internal organization. ; Economía