Suchergebnisse

Submitted: 29.07.2019. Accepted: 17.04.2020. ; Поступила в редакцию: 29.07.2019. Принята к печати: 17.04.2020. ; Настоящая статья тематически принадлежит актуальному для современного литературоведения направлению изучения городских «сверхтекстов». Предмет исследования — литературный образ г. Змеиногорска, репрезентирующий Рудный Алтай в целом. Материал для анализа — обнаруженные нами художественные произведения о городе, с привлечением фольклорных представлений и историко-географических текстов. Методологической основой статьи выступают исследования «городских текстов» представителей тартуско-московской семиотической школы (В. Н. Топоров, Ю. М. Лотман) и их современных последователей, а также геопоэтический подход, изучающий культурные формы организации земного пространства (В. В. Абашев). Анализ художественных текстов о Змеиногорске позволил выявить основные тенденции в литературной репрезентации темы города. Образ Змеиногорска на типологическом и генетическом уровне сближается с образом Екатеринбурга. В исторической повести П. А. Бородкина «Тайна Змеиной горы» (1966) выведена ключевая семантическая оппозиция образа горнозаводского города середины XVIII в. Она видится автором как антитеза «рай (природа) — ад (завод)». На уровне «сверхтекста» реализуется инвариантный для «сибирского текста» сюжет перехода от «рая» к «аду» (П. А. Бородкин), и наоборот (А. П. Хейдок). «Змеиная» топонимика актуализирует соответствующую мифологию и образность города, а также змееборческий сюжет, видоизмененный применительно к социальным обстоятельствам. Мифологический Змей становится метафорой начальства (П. А. Бородкин, Е. Евтушенко). В современной прозе Змею возвращаются его мифологические функции Хранителя подземных недр, но снимается конфликтность сюжета в пользу партнерства человека и природы (Юстасия Тарасава). В целом, «сверхтекст» города находится в стадии становления, значительный мифологический и семантический потенциал образа Змеиногорска ожидает своей реализации. ; Thematically, this article lies within the research field connected with the study of urban "supertexts" and is relevant for contemporary literary criticism. The subject of the research is the literary image of Zmeinogorsk, a town representative of the Ore Altai as a whole. The author refers to works of art about the town which she has discovered. They are based on folklore, historical, and geographic texts. The methodological basis of the article is the study of "urban texts" by representatives of the Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School (V. N. Toporov, Yu. M. Lotman) and their modern followers, as well as the geo-poetic approach that studies cultural forms of the structure of terrestrial space (V. V. Abashev). Analysis of fiction about Zmeinogorsk reveals the main tendencies in the literary representation of the urban theme. The image of Zmeinogorsk comes close to the image of Yekaterinburg on the typological and genetic levels. The historical story by P. A. Borodkin Secrets of Snake Mountain (1966) represents the key semantic opposition of the mining and metallurgical image of the town in the mid-eighteenth century. The author sees it as an antithesis of "paradise (nature) and hell (plant)". The plot of transition from "paradise" to "hell" (P. A. Borodkin) and vice versa (A. P. Heidok) is an invariant for the "Siberian text". It is realised on the "supertext" level. The "snake" toponymy actualises the corresponding mythology and imagery of the town as well as the plot of "fighting a serpent", modified according to social circumstances. The mythological serpent becomes a metaphor of the authorities (P. A. Borodkin, E. Yevtushenko). In modern prose, the Serpent returns its mythological functions as the Guardian of the depths of the earth, but the conflict of the plot is removed in favour of partnership between man and nature (Eustasia Tarasawa). In general, the "supertext" of the town is in its infancy, a significant mythological and semantic potential of Zmeinogorsk is still to be realised. ; The article is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) and the Government of Altai Territory grant 18-412-220004 "Altai in the National Literature of the 20th–21st Centuries: Cultural and Tourist Potential". ; Исследование выполнено в рамках научного проекта РФФИ (№ 18-412-220004) и Министерства образования и науки Алтайского края (договор Н-26) «Алтай в отечественной литературе ХХ–ХХI вв.: культурно-туристический потенциал».

One of the significant events in the political life of Soviet Russia in the autumn of 1919 was a trial of the Red commander F. K. Mironov. It took place in the uyezd town of Balashov of Saratov gubernia. The author of the paper sets a task of considering this event the way it was reflected on the pages of the local press. In the course of the conducted analysis, it is found that a negative image with the population was purposefully being formed who, for the most part, treated him mercifully.

Comparing life circumstances and scientific development of the two famous professors, who came to Minsk from various Russian cities and towns in order to participate in the organization of the activities of the Belarusian State University, the author of the article analyses objective and subjective factors of the adaptation of the «old» Russian intellectuals to new conditions of the post-revolutionary time as well as to the nation formation processes, which took place in Belarus in the 20s and to the policy of the Soviet government in the USSR and the BSSR.

The article deals with topical issues of the development of small cities in Central Russia. The focus is on the spatial growth of small cities and the factors that determine the process. Examples of the spatial development of expanding and shrinking cities are discussed separately. All spatial growth factors were divided into two large groups, i.e. endogenous and exogenous. In the first case, the principal growth factor is the local population, whose efforts expand the urban space. In the second case, the external forces are of key importance, generally the decisions of higher authorities or the activities of large developers. The spatial expansion is quite logical for the growing cities. Most of them are located in the suburbs of regional centers, resulting in the peculiarities of their development due to construction of new multistorey housing complexes, cottage settlements and townhouse complexes. Interestingly, the spatial growth is characteristic of declining cities as well. Moreover, the factors of their spatial growth are more diverse. Therefore, subgroups were distinguished in each group of factors depending on additional causes and agents of change. The endogenous causes of growth include the construction of new housing for the well-off segments of the population, the construction of new social housing, the construction of new housing for the military and the employees of large industrial enterprises, etc. Administrative incorporations of nearby settlements (villages, station settlements, military towns) and the activities of external developers are among the exogenous factors. The study showed that many small towns expand their space under the influence of various factors, this leads to the complication of their urban structure.

The article analyzes the "passportization" of the local, primarily Jewish, population of the Polish territories annexed to the USSR, particularly in Western Belorussia in 1940–1941. The Author considers this transformation not only as a measure of unification, but also as an important method of migration control, as well as "purification" of the social image of cities in the "new" border zone. In the focus of the article is the Jewish population. Since the majority of the Jews fitted at the same time to several paragraphs of the secret instructions on the issuance of passports "with restriction" (which in fact meant a ban on residence in the border town), they were particularly affected during the implementation of the "passportization".

The question of the distribution of the Belarusian gentry in cities, towns and rural settlements is poorly understood in Belarusian historiography. Specific data on the level of mobility of the Belarusian nobility are missing in the scientific literature. This determines the relevance of this study. The aim of the article is to clarify the place of residence of the Lepel district gentry of the Viciebsk province of the Russian Empire at the turn of 18th–19th centuries and to determine their level of mobility. The author of the article on the basis of archival sources comes to the following conclusions. Agriculture was the basis of the gentry's activities, it identified as the main places of residence of its representatives villages, «okolitsy» and «zastenki» (about 77 % of the gentry of the Lepel district). About 4 % of the gentry of the Lepel district lived in townships. The proportion of gentry in towns was about 3 %. In the landed estates lived about 11 % of the Lepel district gentry. The «okolitsy» met most rarely in Lepel district among the settlements located in the countryside. The gentry changed their place of residence, first of all, in search of more favorable conditions for the lease of land, service in landlord estates, as well as for family reasons. The population of «zastenki», as a rule, did not exceed 20 people. For objective reasons, it was not possible to find out the place of residence of 5 % of the gentry of the district. Szlachta of the Lepel district was distinguished by a high level of its mobility: in the period from 1795 to 1819, at least 24 % of the gentry changed their residence, which seriously hampered the registration of this category of population in the Russian Empire.

The authors analyze the advantages and disadvantages of some possible models for expanding the boundaries of Moscow City: the association of Moscow City and the Moscow region into a single subject of the Russian Federation, the uniformly expansion of the city boundaries at the expense of the Moscow region, the creation of a satellite town, and the ongoing accession of the specially designated part of the Moscow region territory to Moscow City. ; Авторы анализируют преимущества и недостатки возможных моделей расширения границ Москвы: объединения Москвы и Московской области в один субъект федерации, равномерного расширения городских границ за счет территории Подмосковья, создания города-спутника и осуществляемого в настоящее время проекта присоединения к Москве специально выделенной территории Московской области.

The article is devoted to the complex of Irkutsk cadet corps (school), which was unreasonably withdrawn from the list of monuments of regional significance and the State Register of Cultural Heritage Sites by the Service for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Irkutsk Region. Disagreeing with the opinion of officials, the authors reveal the historical and cultural potential of this ensemble and prove its historical, memorial, town-planning, architectural, landscape and recreational value. ; Статья посвящена комплексу Иркутского кадетского корпуса (училища), необоснованно выведенного Службой по охране объектов культурного наследия Иркутской области из состава памятника регионального значения, Государственного реестра объектов культурного наследия. Не соглашаясь с официальным мнением чиновников, авторы раскрывают историко-культурный потенциал этого ансамбля, доказывают его историко-мемориальную, градостроительную, архитектурную, ландшафтно-рекреационную ценность.

The author examines the functions of Russian voivodas in the town of Nezhin between the mid-17th and early 18th centuries and the role the voivoda administration played in the integration of Ukrainian lands into Russia. The author introduces previously unstudied sources, such as Nezhin voivodas' correspondence with the Little Russia Prikaz and economic documents drawn up in the local office. He demonstrates that, in terms of the Ukrainian population, Nezhin voivodas had neither administrative nor legal power: their functions were limited to the taxation of Nezhin burghers and peasants (between 1666 and 1668). In legal cases where one of the parties was represented by Cossacks or townspeople and the other by military men of the garrison, voivodas judged them together with Nezhin regimental officers and communal authorities. The author states that only in certain cases could voivodas arrest Ukrainian Cossacks, burghers, and peasants accused of treason against the tsar. The author focuses on voivodas' functions in the administration of the military garrison: they led the defence of the castle during sieges, prevented service people from escaping the town, and maintained the town fortifications in peace and wartime. Together with their military duties, voivodas managed the local office, dealt with the return of runaway serfs to their owners, and reported sensitive information that concerned the state of affairs in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Right-bank Ukraine to Moscow. Moreover, the voivodas also had to handle a number of economic issues, like purchasing grain for the garrison, supporting its activity, and controlling the distribution of income received by the tavern. ; Исследуется вопрос о функциях российских воевод в г. Нежине в середине XVII – начале XVIII в., который связан с решением проблемы значения воеводского управления в рамках процесса интеграции украинских земель в состав России. Автором введены в научный оборот новые источники, в том числе переписка нежинских воевод с Малороссийским приказом и хозяйственные документы, составленные в съезжей избе. Выявлено, что в отношении украинского населения нежинские воеводы были лишены не только административных, но и судебных полномочий, и их функции сводились к взиманию налогов с нежинских мещан и селян (с 1666 по 1668 г.). Если в качестве одной из сторон судебного разбирательства выступали казаки или мещане, а с другой – «ратные люди» гарнизона, то такие дела разбирались при участии полковой старшины и городового магистрата. Как отмечает автор, воеводы только в отдельных случаях могли подвергать аресту украинских казаков, мещан и селян, обвинявшихся в измене царю. Подробно рассмотрены функции воевод, связанные с военным руководством гарнизоном «ратных людей»: они возглавляли оборону замка во время осад, боролись с побегами служилых людей из города, следили за состоянием городских укреплений в мирное и военное время. Наряду с военными полномочиями, воеводы осуществляли руководство съезжей избой, разбирали дела о возврате беглых крепостных крестьян прежним владельцам и докладывали в Москву о собранных агентурных сведениях, касающихся положения дел в Речи Посполитой и на Правобережной Украине. Притом воеводы должны были также решать ряд хозяйственных вопросов, в том числе покупки хлеба для гарнизона, обеспечения его деятельности и распределения дохода, полученного от кружечного двора.

The article examines the process of reducing the population of working age and its effect on marketing strategy of commercial banks in Russia. The author first explores the process of the population ageing in Russia during the 20th and 21st century and provides information concerning the provision of banking services to different age segments. The analysis concludes with an examination of several population segments which should be of interest to commercial banks facing the population ageing. They include the elderly, children and the youth as well as the population of Russia's small towns. The author's analysis is based on foreign experience which proved successful while involving the population out of the working age in the use of banking services. The article could be of interest to the experts studying the impact of population ageing and marketers.

After performing the September 18, 1885 Unification of Northern and Southern Bulgaria, Bulgarian unified army settled on the Bulgarian-Turkish border, as Turkey threatens war. But on November 14, 1885, something unexpected happens - the troops of Serbia attack Bulgaria without cause. Patriotic starts for the Bulgarian people Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885 in this war to protect Bulgaria as commanders take an active part 16 Bessarabian Bulgarians. In this study we will look at their great merits. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Nikolayev is the commander of the Bulgarian army, who organized the confrontation on Serbian territory. Major Avram Gudzhev is the commander of the West Corps, distinguished in the fighting near the town of Slivnitsa. Captain Olympi Panov is commander of the Bulgarian artillery and Captain Georgi Todorov is the commander of the Bulgarian cavalry. Captain Georgi Agura is the commander of the Breznitsa detachment, captured the town of Tsaribrod. The commanders of combat regiments are: Lieutenant Colonel Stefan Lubomski (Yambol Infantry Regiment), Major Peter Gruev (Second Artillery Regiment), Captain Stefan Kisov (Second Strumski Infantry Regiment) and Alexander Kessyakov (Sixth Tarnovo Infantry Regiment). In the battle of the Serbian-Bulgarian War of 1885, the officers of Bessarabian Bulgarians were also involved: Captain Georgi Yankov, Captain Dimitar Mitetelov, Captain Georgi Dermantchev, Lieutenant Ivan Zlatanov, Lieutenant Atanas Naszlovov, Lieutenant Stefan Kraev, Lieutenant Georgi Angelov died in the battle of Tran. The study looks at the merits of 16 Bessarabian Bulgarian officers and sums up their enormous contribution to the brilliant military victory over the enemy. In addition to the officers examined, Bessarabian Bulgarians, hundreds of sergeants, privates and volunteers were born in the Bulgarian army, born in the Bessarabia geographic area. ; На 2 ноември 1885 г. войските на Сърбия нападат България. Започва Отечествената за българския народ Сръбско-българска война от 1885 г. В тази война за защита на България като командири вземат активно участие много бесарабски българи, които допринасят за българската победа във войната. Статията разглежда заслугите на 16 офицери – бесарабски българи, и обобщава огромния им принос за блестящата военна победа над врага.

One of the topical issues in the medieval history of the Middle Volga region is the determination of the place of the centers of administrative-territorial regions (darugа) in the socio-political and military system of the Kazan Khanate, as well as their continuity with the settlements of the same name in the Kazan Territory during the period of Moscow domination. Their territorial localization and the conduct of comprehensive historical and archaeological research remain a very important problem. Within the framework of this article, on the basis of the empirical base available today, an attempt is made to determine the location of the center of the Chuvash (Zureyskaya) Daruga. ; Одним из актуальных вопросов средневековой истории Среднего Поволжья является определение места центров административно-территориальных областей (даруг) в социально-политической и военной системе Казанского ханства, а также их преемственности с одноименными населенными пунктами Казанского края периода Московского господства. Весьма важной проблемой остается их территориальная локализация и проведение комплексных историко-археологических исследований. В рамках данной статьи, на основе имеющейся на сегодняшний день эмпирической базы, предпринимается попытка определения места расположения центра Чувашской (Зюрейской) даруги. Библиографические ссылки Археологическая карта Татарской АССР. Предкамье / Отв. ред. А.Х. Халиков. М.: Наука, 1981. 211 с. Бурханов А.А., Замалтдинов Р.Р. Изучение средневековых памятников в Заказанье в 2001 году // Древности. / под общей ред. Б.Я. Ставитского. М.-Казань, 2003. С. 261. Воробьев Н.И. О Болгаро-татарских надгробных камнях Мамадышского кантона ТССР // Материалы по охране, ремонту и реставрации памятников ТССР. Т. III. Казань: Полиграфшкола им. А.В. Луначарского, 1929. С. 11–14. Галлям Р.Г., Хисматуллин Б.Р. Легенда о Зюри хане // Из истории и культуры народов Среднего Поволжья. 2016. №6. С. 225–231. Износков И.А. Материалы для истории христианского просвещения инородцев Казанского края. Вып.3. М.: Тип. Снегиревой, 1895. 47 с. Мухамедьяров Ш.Ф. Социально-экономический и государственный строй Казанского ханства (XV – первая половина XVI вв.). Казань: Изд-во «Ихлас»; Институт истории им. Ш. Марджани АН РТ, 2012. 276 с. Шпилевский С.М. Древние города и другие булгарско-татарские памятники в Казанской губернии. Казань: Типография Казанского ун-та, 1877. 586 с. Əхмəтҗанов М. Татар археографиясенə сəхифəлəр. Тарих пəрдəлəре күтəрелгəндə. Казан, 2012. 156 б.