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In the last decades the consequences of the economic growth on the ecosystem are evident, and the environmental protection has become a crucial issue not only in natural sciences setting, but especially from an economic and political point of view. Researchers and policymakers focused the attention on the causes of pollution in order to prevent environmental degradation, and on the consequences that economic and political actions may have on the economic growth. This work, through three different essays, attempts to debate the environmental issue in a wide prospective from different points of view. The first one regards the link between international trade and environment. In some cases, researchers agreed with the idea that trade liberalization could lead to an improvement of environmental quality, while Pollution Haven Hypothesis states that environmental regulation induces firms to relocate dirty production where the environmental regulation is less stringent. The first part of this work gives an overview of this branch of literature, explaining some studies that support and contrast these theories. The research question of the second part concerns the international flow of hazardous waste and its drivers. Using a gravity model for trade, the article tries to underlines the role played by the relative levels of policy stringency and the technological specialization across EU-OECD countries and regions. The last part of the present work, tries to analyse the eco-friendly innovation from a different point of view. Considering a long span of time, the essay investigates the effects that income distribution and institutions may have on the generation of environmental related patents.

This book explores how EU law constrains the freedom of the EU, the Member States, and private bodies to adopt measures that seek to protect social and environmental interests abroad by placing conditions on production processes in other states. The permissibility of such process-based measures has been examined primarily within the World Trade Organization (WTO) context, but the challenges that they present are equally for the EU internal market system. Ankersmit identifies three core challenges posed by process-based measures from an EU law perspective: extraterritoriality, unilateralism and the competitive and democratic problems created by private rule-making. It examines these issues in the context of free movement, competition, public procurement, and EU tax law. This book will appeal to academics, policy makers and practitioners interested in trade and environment, the social impact of trade law, and European and international market regulation

We examine implications of industrial deregulations, trade liberalisation and labour regulations on workers' bargaining power and firms' markup in Indian manufacturing industries, using state-wise three-digit industry-level panel data for the period 1980-2007. Results of our econometric analysis suggest that both industrial deregulations and trade liberalisation led to significant declines in workers' bargaining power, which was already less than 6.7% on an average during pre-reform era. However, none of these reforms appears to have any significant effect on firms' markup. Our results also suggest that amendments to labour regulation by State governments, which aim to simplify procedures and reduce costs of industrial dispute resolutions, have a significant positive effect on workers' bargaining power. Surprisingly, amendments to Employment Protection Legislations do not appear to have any significant effect on workers' bargaining power. We also document considerable variation in firms' markup and workers' bargaining power across industry-groups and States.

At head of title: 89th Congress, 1st session. Joint committee print. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The American economy is in many ways uniquely unfettered. Nowhere else in the industrial world is it easier to set up a discount store, start a new airline, or shrink a payroll. But extensive economic deregulation has been matched by a burgeoning body of social law cracking down on business. From shareholder litigation and strict product liability to punitive environmental controls and workplace rules, entrepreneurs run a gauntlet of legal perils. The costs of this expanding and contentious agenda often exceed the value of its social benefits. The projected annual costs over benefits of the 1990 Clean Air Act, for instance, surpass the estimated value of U.S. exports blocked by all of Japan's known import restrictions. How sustainable is this situation amid the pressures of globalization? The contributors to this volume explore the question from a variety of perspectives. U.S. policymakers frequently criticize the rest of the world for policies and practices that are said to constrict American commerce. Yet some trade disputes have been ignited by questionable rules made in the United States. Indeed, legal strictures have posed barriers to imports and possibly discouraged foreign investors, as well as interfered with some U.S. exports. At times the social regulatory regime has also stirred abrasive efforts to extend U.S. sanctions to foreign soil. Even if those frictions have been of minor consequences so far, inefficient legal and regulatory conventions exact a toll on U.S. productivity growth. The book concludes that in a global economy the burdensome regulations of foreign countries deserve attention, but increasingly so do the burdens that American "adversarial legalism" imposes on itself and sometimes on others. Ideas and prospects for correcting the problem are discussed throughout. The contributors include Lee Axelrad, Thomas F. Burke,

In the era of the fourth industrial revolution, the international community is striving to establish a coordinated system to prevent fatal climate change in a global sense. As a result of such changes in business environments, a new issue, sustainability, has recently presented a paradigm shift and new research opportunity in which the theories and practices in traditional production and operations management are being reinterpreted and reapplied in relation to this emerging issue. Under this research background, we consider an optimal emission-trading problem under a cap-and-trade (CAT) emission regulation when the customers&rsquo ; demand is given as an arbitrary probability distribution. Such a CAT approach to reduce the amount of emissions is a normative system for the sustainable production of manufacturing firms, which is also closely related to a well-known open innovation in literature of inventory management. Then, we formulate two stochastic inventory optimization models, which can be applied immediately for two famous CAT policies that exist in reality. In particular, our objective is to draw theoretical and practical implications for baseline credit emission regulations, which are innovative and government-led emission regulation policies, with a well-known newsvendor analysis. For our analytical results, we first show that our objective functions are piecewise linear and (quasi)-concave. Thus, it is found that there exists a unique optimal solution to the problem. Second, we successfully obtain the closed-form optimal solutions for the two models considered. Finally, we conduct a sensitivity analysis through a comparative static analysis to examine how the model parameters can affect the optimal solution in each model. All these analytical results and implications are consistent with previous studies in the literature, as well as with our insights for the models.

Reuse of record except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; Hearing on S. 1134 and other bills. ; CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 80 S311-55 ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The development of the Single Market in the EU – and the extension of its principles to the EEA – has led to dangerous trends in bank regulation as there is a 'disconnect' between regulation and deposit insurance systems. Although these problems do not exist in insurance markets to any great extent, Single Market regulation gives rise to other problems in that sector. In particular, it is restricting free trade both within and between countries. We propose a radical new model that would promote free trade without centralisation.

This publication examines the trade and welfare impact of Armenia's convergence to the Common External Tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), and how different sectors and products are affected through shifting import and export patterns. It also models trade opportunities created by the recent and potential free trade agreements between the EEU and third countries, using both general and partial equilibrium approaches. Finally, the publication surveys how losing eligibility for the European Union's Generalised Scheme of Preferences will affect Armenia's trade.

Regulation and Economic Analysis: A Critique Over Two Centuries argues that long experience with the practice of regulation creates a broad anti-intervention consensus among economists. This consensus is based on comparison of real intervention to real markets rather than an ideological preconception. It is shown that economic theory can support all possible positions on intervention. Much theory is too abstract to support any policy position; many arguments about how intervention might help contain qualifications expressing doubts about whether the potential can be realized; many theories illustrate the drawbacks of intervention. The vast literature on these issues concentrates either on specific cases or polemics that exaggerate both sides of the argument. Regulation and Economic Analysis seeks to show the depth of the discontent, develop interpretations of economic theory that follow from skepticism about statism and provide selected illustrations. The discussion begins with examination of general equilibrium theory and proceeds to discuss market failure with stress on monopoly and particularly what is deemed excessive concern with predatory behavior. International trade issues, transaction costs, property rights, economic theories of government, the role of special institutions such as contracts, the defects of macroeconomic and equity arguments for regulating individual markets, environmental economics and the defects of public land management policies are examined

What is the relationship between internal development and integration into the global economy in developing countries? How and why do state-market relations differ? And do these differences matter in the post-cold war era of global conflict and cooperation? Drawing on research in China, India, and Russia and examining sectors from textiles to telecommunications, Micro-institutional Foundations of Capitalism introduces a new theory of sectoral pathways to globalization and development. Adopting a historical approach, the book's Strategic Value Framework shows how state elites perceive the strategic value of sectors in response to internal and external pressures. Sectoral structures and organization of institutions further determine the role of the state in market coordination and property rights arrangements. The resultant dominant patterns of market governance vary by country and sector within country. These national configurations of sectoral models are the micro-institutional foundations of capitalism, which mediate globalization and development.

Couverture -- Titre -- Copyright -- Collection -- Remerciements -- Préface -- Avant-propos -- Abréviations -- Introduction -- Partie 1. Le principe de non-discrimination fiscale -- Titre 1. La reconnaissance d'un principe de non-discrimination fiscale -- Chapitre 1. Le principe de non-discrimination au sens de l'O.M.C. -- Chapitre 2. Les divergences d'acception du principe de non-discrimination -- Conclusion du titre premier -- Titre 2. La portée du principe de non-discrimination fiscale -- Chapitre 1. La flexibilité du principe de non-discrimination -- Chapitre 2. La remise en cause de dispositions fiscales franÃaises -- Conclusion du titre second -- Conclusion de la première partie -- Partie 2. Le principe d'interdiction des subventions fiscales -- Titre 1. La reconnaissance d'un principe d'interdiction des subventions fiscales -- Chapitre 1. Le principe d'interdiction des subventions au sens de l'O.M.C. -- Chapitre 2. Les divergences d'acception du principe d'interdiction des subventions -- Conclusion du titre premier -- Titre 2. La portée du principe d'interdiction des subventions fiscales -- Chapitre 1. La flexibilité du principe d'interdiction des subventions -- Chapitre 2. La remise en cause de dispositions fiscales franÃaises -- Conclusion du titre second -- Conclusion de la deuxième partie -- Conclusion générale -- Bibliographie sélective -- Table des décisions -- Index alphabétique -- Table des matières