Suchergebnisse

Introduction: a rich history of trade -- Trade before the Mediterranean trade routes -- Foundations and explorations -- Goods and services -- The major players -- The effects of the Mediterranean trade routes -- The future of the Mediterranean trade routes

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Introduction: A Rich History of Trade -- Chapter 1: Trade Before the Mediterranean Trade Routes -- The Pyramids: A Source of Regional Trade -- Trade Begins to Span Cultures -- Chapter 2: Foundations and Explorations -- Evolving Ships -- Improved Navigation -- Lighting the Way: Ancient Lighthouses -- Evolving Routes -- A Changing Balance of Power -- Chapter 3: Goods and Services -- Tin -- Wheat and Grain -- Silk -- Slaves -- Sugar and Spices -- Modern Trade Goods -- Commercial Fishing -- Oil -- Chapter 4: The Major Players -- The Egyptians -- Minoans -- Phoenicians -- Greeks -- Romans -- Byzantines -- Venetians -- People -- Explorers -- Pirates -- Sailors -- Merchants -- Chapter 5: The Effects of the Mediterranean Trade Routes -- Cultural Influences -- Written Language -- Literature, Art, and Architecture -- The Renaissance -- Democratic Ideals -- Religious Exchanges -- A Shifting Balance -- Effects on Daily Life -- Food -- Clothing -- Housewares -- Money and Currency -- The Effect of the Suez Canal -- Chapter 6: The Future of Mediterranean Trade Routes -- A Shipping Revolution -- A Top Tourist Destination -- Storied Past, Steady Present, Bright Future -- Glossary -- Further Information -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Author -- Back Cover.

Proceedings of the National Seminar on Trade Routes and Trade Centres in Ancient and Medieval India, held at Jaipur during 12-13 August 2013

Introduction: The desert highway -- The Sahara as a barrier -- Establishing the trade routes -- Salt, slaves, and gold -- The major players -- The effects of the trans-Saharan trade routes -- The end of the trans-Saharan trade routes

Before road or rail, the canoe routes followed by voyageurs formed a transport and supply system crossing a continent and covering more than a million square miles. Veteran wilderness traveller Eric Morse retraces these routes, linking them to modern landmarks and roads, and draws a fascinating picture of the history, economics, and geography of the fur trade. This is a guide book that includes all the elements of historical adventure. The first part sketches the bruising hardships of life on the trail and describes the voyageurs' techniques for handling rapids, portages, and great lakes in the fragile canots de maitre that carried up to four tons. The second part is addressed to the modern voyageur. It traces the original routes and describes them as they exist today. The text is illustrated throughout with maps, photographs, and historical drawings and paintings

This article focuses on the trade routes in the western Sichuan borderlands that facilitated contact and trade between Chinese counties and Eastern Tibet. In particular, the article offers a description of "official routes" (guandao)—which the Chinese emperor twice proclaimed to be the vital mode of access between China and Tibet—from Chengdu, Sichuan's provincial capital, to Khampa areas, with Lhasa as the final destination. The exchange of goods in this region followed various routes during different periods. From the tenth to sixteenth centuries, transactions occurred primarily along the borders of Amdo (Tib. A mdo, Northeastern Tibet), but for political, economic, and practical reasons, such exchanges became more limited geographically and eventually focused along the Sichuan–Kham/Ngawa border. Many routes shifted to the towns of Kangding (Tib. Dartsedo) and Songpan (Tib. Zungchu), the main sites of distribution, where rich opportunities for trade and a strictly limiting transport geography made them important entrepôts that evolved into centers of prosperity. The geographic range of this article reaches to these two towns and leaves the investigation of the routes that led to western centers such as Derge, Batang, Chamdo, and Jyekundo for future research. Keywords: Tibet, China, trade routes, official routes, guandao, tea, chama gudao, tea-horse trade, commodities, borderlands, Songpan, Kangding, Dartsedo, Kham, Ngawa, Sichuan, Luding, Dadu He, Kangxi, Manchu