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Since 2005 there has been an upward trend in deliveries of major conventional arms. The annual average for 2004-2008 was 21 per cent higher than for 2000-2004. Almost 80 per cent of the volume of exports for the period 2004-2008 was accounted for by the five largest suppliers-the United States, Russia, Germany, France & the United Kingdom. China remained the single largest recipient for the period 2004-2008 but imports decreased significantly in the past two years. Deliveries to Asia & the Middle East increased. The negative impact of small volumes of arms deliveries was highlighted by the case of the renewed civil war in Sri Lanka. Adapted from the source document.

Finanzielle Transfers sind eine wichtige Form des Austausches zwischen Generationen. Sie sind nicht nur Hilfeleistung in Notsituationen, sondern können auch ein Zeichen von Aufmerksamkeit in Form eines Geschenkes sein und stärken auf diese Weise die Beziehung zwischen Eltern und Kindern. Auf der Grundlage des Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) wird in elf europäischen Ländern der Austausch von Geld zwischen Eltern und Kindern untersucht. Neben der Häufigkeit finanzieller Transfers werden auch die Transferhöhen und die Gründe für monetäre Hilfen im europäischen Vergleich umfassend analysiert. Dabei steht vor allem der Zusammenhang zwischen staatlichen und privaten Transfers in den verschiedenen Wohlfahrtsstaaten im Fokus.

Cover Page -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents Page -- List of Tables and Figures Page -- Preface Page -- List of Acronyms Page -- Introduction -- Part I: Arms Transfers -- Chapter 1: Definition and political significance of arms transfers -- Problems of definition -- The political significance of arms transfers -- Chapter 2: Quantity and quality -- Quantitative development -- Qualitative changes in arms transfers -- Increased technological sophistication -- Proliferating complexity of transfer arrangements -- Chapter 3: The structure of the international arms market -- Submarkets and their characteristics -- The supply side -- Global arms transfers -- Arms transfers to the Third World -- Third World arms exporters -- The demand side -- Regional distribution -- Concentration of demand -- Supply and demand: seller's market or buyer's market? -- Chapter 4: Supplier and recipient perspectives -- Actors and objectives -- Benefits and costs of exporting arms -- Benefits and costs of importing arms -- Chapter 5: Supplier policies -- United States of America -- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics -- France -- United Kingdom -- Federal Republic of Germany -- Italy -- Israel -- Brazil -- Chapter 6: Retransfers -- The end-use clause -- Motives for retransfers -- Retransfer patterns -- Chapter 7: Arms trade control -- Arguments -- Dimensions of control -- Unilateral measures -- Bilateral and multilateral measures -- The Conventional Arms Transfer talks -- COCOM -- The Declaration of Ayacucho -- The registration approach -- Consideration in the United Nations framework and in the Conference on Disarmament -- The elements of the debate -- Initiatives -- The arms embargo against South Africa -- Part II: Arms transfers and dependence.

Population aging and longevity can pose challenges to the sustainability of fiscal budgets. This is of particular concern in Europe's rapidly aging welfare states offering generous social support programs for the elderly. Still, there are differences in the pace of ageing and the generosity of welfare states. We use public tax and benefit age schedules from the National Transfer Accounts project to estimate the impact of population aging on fiscal budgets of single countries and their implications for potential transfer flows in between European Union countries. We show the positive impact of changes in the economic life cycle by working longer and the impact of migration on the redistribution of transfers across Europe. We illustrate the crucial role that demography plays in deepening and reinforcing the fortunes of European finances.

Environmental positive externalities from public provision, such as the benefits yielded from the public measure of nature conservation, are often not internalized. Potential sub-optimal public service provision can be expected from such a condition, leading to inefficiency, if the benefits at a greater territorial scale are not acknowledged. This holds particularly true for intergovernmental fiscal relations in a decentralizing multi-tiered governmental system. Moreover, in developing countries the fiscal capacities to perform measures of ecological public functions are limited with their fiscal needs for these functions often appearing to outweigh their fiscal capacities. Research at the interface of the economic theory of fiscal federalism, the sustainability concept, and policies related to conservation and the environment is relatively new. Furthermore, in the literature on environmental federalism the emphasis tends to be comparatively less on the benefits of positive environmental externalities. The essential contribution of this study is an extension of this research field that is still in its infancy by applying the specific case of Indonesia as the context, on account of this tropical country"s ecological significance as well as its recent developments during the fiscal decentralization process. The overall aim of this study is to assess the possibilities of ecological fiscal transfers as a set of instruments in the public sector to internalize environmental externalities. To this end, the study traces the development as well as the current state of intergovernmental fiscal transfers in Indonesia in terms of ecological purposes. On the basis of this knowledge, the study offers new policy perspectives by proposing a number of policy options for ecological fiscal transfers in the context of the functioning fiscal transfer system and institutions between the national and the subnational (province and local) governments as well as among jurisdictions at the same governmental level. The incorporation of an explicit ecological indicator into general-purpose transfers is the first option. The second option is derived from a revenue-sharing arrangement. In this arrangement, two sub-options are proposed: first, shared revenues from taxes are distributed on the basis of the ecological indicator and, second, shared revenues from natural resources are earmarked for environmental purposes. Finally, the third option suggests an extension of existing specific-purpose transfers for the environment. The potential and limitations of the respective options are addressed. Additionally, a short treatment is given to the discourse on the possible mobilization of fiscal resources in the context of tropical deforestation and global climate change. The research concentrates mainly on the first option, namely the incorporation of an ecological indicator into the structure of general-purpose transfer allocation. In order to substantiate an explicit ecological dimension in the transfer, it extends the present area-based approach by introducing a protected area indicator while maintaining the remaining socio-economic indicators in the fiscal need calculation. The parameter values of area-related indicators are adjusted and subject to the properties of the existing formula. The simulation at the provincial level yields the following results. First, more provinces lose rather than gain from the introduced ecological fiscal transfer when compared to the fiscal transfer that they received in the reference fiscal year. Second, on average the winning provinces obtain a higher level of transfer from the introduction of an ecological indicator in the fiscal need calculation. The extent of the average decreases for the losing provinces, however, it is lower compared to the extent of the average gain by their winning counterparts. In terms of spatial configurations of the general-purpose transfer with an ecological indicator, provinces in Papua would benefit most from the new fiscal regime whereas provinces in Java and Sulawesi, with a few exceptions, would suffer a transfer reduction. Kalimantan and Sumatera show a mixed pattern of winning and losing provinces. The analysis on the equalization effects of the general-purpose transfers makes the following important contributions. It suggests that, first, the transfers are equalizing and, second, the introduction of the protected area indicator into the structure of these transfers plays a significant role in the equalizing effect, particularly in the presence of provinces with a very high fiscal capacity and when the area variable is also controlled. All of these new insights are imperative in the design of fiscal policy which intends to integrate explicit ecological aspects into the instruments of intergovernmental fiscal transfers. Since a formula-based fiscal transfer distribution is intrinsically zero-sum, the aforementioned configuration of winning and losing jurisdictions is conceivable. Among other future perspectives, it is the task of further research to explore ecological fiscal transfer instruments and associated measures that on the one hand seek to induce the losing provinces to join their winning counterparts and, on the other hand, are still subject to the requirements of the rational fiscal transfer mechanism.

Israeli circumvention of US restrictions on re-export of US defense products, components, and technical data; policy options. Technology transfer, Israel's violations, US oversight, Israel's beneficiaries, and changing Israeli behavior.

Presented at Urbanization of irrigated land and water transfers: a USCID water management conference on May 28-31, 2008 in Scottsdale, Arizona. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; This paper reports one view of sound leasing and water marketing ideas, as alternatives to "buy-and-dry", transfer of agricultural irrigation water to other uses. Drought, climate change and awareness of impending urban supply issues have stimulated new public policy processes, which themselves raise concerns over the timing and pace of belated considerations of the future and public interests. Because Colorado's strict prior appropriation water law has functioned as the state's water policy and plan, examination of cumulative impacts of water transfers has been minimal. Research on "what could go wrong?" with new recommended forms of water transfer has exposed potential problems for local governments and water providers. Among these problems are post-irrigation management issues; biological impacts from cessation of agricultural water distribution and return flows; and cumulative impacts to both social and environmental conditions. The paper suggests careful cost accounting for new forms of transfer, for the short and long-term. The means of transfer should be related to constituent and customer concerns.

Inhalt: 1 Einführung; 2 Forschungsansatz; 3 Rechtlicher Rahmen; 4 Dimensionen von Philanthropic Outflows und Inflows; 5 Wer gibt was an wen?; 6 Bereiche; 6.1 Kultur, Erholung, Sport; 6.2 Wissenschaft und Forschung; 6.3 Entwicklungshilfe; 7 Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen; 8 Quellen

In the presence of endogenous growth intergenerational transfer from the young to the old reduce per capita income growth and harm future generations. On the other hand, competitive equilibria are inefficient if externalities sustain long-run growth. This paper shows that if individuals retire in the last period of their life, the inefficiency of the market economy can be removed by an investment subsidy without making the current or future generations worse off only if coupled with intergenerational transfers from the young to the old.

Using household data from Nepal for 1995/96, this paper investigates the motives underlying private transfers and examines whether or not public transfers crowded out private transfers and the resultant effects on income inequality. The estimation results of Probit and Tobit models show that the private transfers received were altruistically motivated while public transfers exerted no crowding‐out effect. Although the probability of receiving private transfers decreases with household size, having more children or more elderly members of the family increases the probability as well as the amount of transfers. By contrast, the age of the household head does not appear to be a significant factor. Furthermore, the study shows that public transfers did not contribute to a lowering of income inequalities among households. These findings suggest that the Government of Nepal should design its public transfer schemes in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of its social safety net programs.

Using household data from Nepal for 1995/96, this paper investigates the motives underlying private transfers and examines whether or not public transfers crowded out private transfers and the resultant effects on income inequality. The estimation results of Probit and Tobit models show that the private transfers received were altruistically motivated while public transfers exerted no crowding-out effect. Although the probability of receiving private transfers decreases with household size, having more children or more elderly members of the family increases the probability as well as the amount of transfers. By contrast, the age of the household head does not appear to be a significant factor. Furthermore, the study shows that public transfers did not contribute to a lowering of income inequalities among households. These findings suggest that the government of Nepal should design its public transfer schemes in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of its social safety net programs. (Developing Economies/DÜI)