Suchergebnisse

The aim of this report is to present and evaluate the changes which have taken place in institutions of 28 transition countries after 1989. Institutions are here understood as formal rules, including procedural and regulatory institutional solutions determining the economic and political structure of a country. Bearing this in mind, the report provides an analysis of the political system (democracy or dictatorship) and the efficiency of the state institutions, i.e. whether they ensure economic freedom and good governance. Also institutional solutions created by states were analysed, with focus on two areas particularly important for the economy: the labour market and the banking sector. ; Publication with support of the National Science Centre, NCN, grant no. 2011/01/B/HS4/00802, titled: "State in relation to economic freedom. Theory and practice of transition". ; Michał Pilc

Modern banking institutions were virtually non-existent in the planned economies of cen-tral Europe and the former Soviet Union. In the early transition period, banking sectors began to develop during several years of macroeconomic decline and turbulence accompa-nied by repeated bank crises. However, governments in many transition countries learned from these tumultuous experiences and eventually dealt successfully with the accumulated bad loans and lack of strong bank regulation. In addition, rapid progress in bank privatiza-tion and consolidation took place in the late 1990s and early 2000s, usually with the partic-ipation of foreign banks. By 2005, the banking sectors in many transition countries had developed sufficiently to provide a wide range of services with solid bank performance. Recently, banks have switched their focus from lending to enterprises in a somewhat un-derdeveloped institutional environment to new collateralized lending to households, which accounts for much of the recent growth of credit in many transition countries.

Modern banking institutions were virtually non-existent in the planned economies of cen-tral Europe and the former Soviet Union. In the early transition period, banking sectors be-gan to develop during several years of macroeconomic decline and turbulence accompa-nied by repeated bank crises. However, governments in many transition countries learned from these tumultuous experiences and eventually dealt successfully with the accumulated bad loans and lack of strong bank regulation. In addition, rapid progress in bank privatiza-tion and consolidation took place in the late 1990s and early 2000s, usually with the par-ticipation of foreign banks. By the mid 2000s the banking sectors in many transition coun-tries were dominated by foreign owners and were able to provide a wide range of services. Credit growth resumed, sometimes too rapidly, particularly in the form of lending to households. The global financial crisis put transition banking to test. Countries that had expanded credit rapidly were vulnerable to the macroeconomic shock and there was con-siderable concern that foreign owners would reduce their funding to transition country sub-sidiaries. However, the banking sectors turned out to be resilient, a strong indication of the rapid progress in institutional development and regulatory capabilities in the transition countries.