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Translational medicine is a medical practice based on interventional epidemiology. It is regarded by its proponents as a natural progression from Evidence-Based Medicine. It integrates research from the basic sciences, social sciences and political sciences with the aim of optimizing patient care and preventive measures which may extend beyond healthcare services. In short, it is the process of turning appropriate biological discoveries into drugs and medical devices that can be used in the treatment of patients.[1] Scientific research and the development of modern powerful techniques are crucial for improving patient care in a society that is increasingly demanding the highest quality health services.[2] Indeed, effective patient care requires the continuous improvement of knowledge on the pathophysiology of the diseases, diagnostic procedures and therapeutic tools available. To this end, development of both clinical and basic research in health sciences is required. However, what is most effective in improving medical knowledge, and hence patient care, is the cross-fertilization between basic and clinical science. This has been specifically highlighted in recent years with the coining of the term "translational research".[3] Translational research is of great importance in all medical specialties. Translational Research is the basis for Translational Medicine. It is the process which leads from evidence based medicine to sustainable solutions for public health problems.[4] It aims to improve the health and longevity of the world's populations and depends on developing broad-based teams of scientists and scholars who are able to focus their efforts to link basic scientific discoveries with the arena of clinical investigation, and translating the results of clinical trials into changes in clinical practice, informed by evidence from the social and political sciences. Clinical science and ecological support from effective policies can't continue to be regarded as independent disciplines. Integrated training in translational research methods is needed for clinicians, guideline writers, grant awarding bodies, and policy makers, in order to redress current biases in funding and research publications, in order to reflect better the balance of research efforts which are necessary for better assessment of complex evidence-bases, to integrate effective and sensitive interventions with supporting environmental changes, and to encourage continuous improvement of evidence based public policies.[5] There are three major obstacles to effective translational medicine. The first is the challenge of translating basic science discoveries into clinical studies. The second hurdle is the translation of clinical studies into medical practice and health care policy.[6] A third obstacle to effective translational medicine is also philosophical. It is a fact that the available standard therapies for most common diseases are less efficacious than they are believed by the Public to be and significant funds are allocated to maintain this "placebo" effect through standard care. Proportionately, very little is spent to identify truly effective therapies. Finally, it may be a mistake to think that basic science, without observations from the clinic and without epidemiological findings of possible associations between different noxes and disease, will efficiently produce the novel therapies that we are eager to test. To pursue the promotion of translational research, the Editorial Board strongly supports basic scientific work and such that is a combination of basic research and clinical praxis.

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a cutting-edge topic in the scientific and medical fields. This is a timely and specialized book focusing on the current understanding of miRNAs and the potential for their application in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets. It also provides discussion of the lessons learned from translational miRNA studies and exploration of the next steps required to advance this field. The unique book comprises 22 in-depth chapters by gathering unparalleled topics of interest in miRNAs by international team of world-renowned experts in the field. The first fifteen chapte.

ABSTRACTImpactful translational research requires new approaches to computational analysis and bioethics, both of which have been advanced by adoption of community‐engagement strategies. Community knowledge and experience will hone data collection, research, and insights and accelerate the impact of derived translational applications to improve individual health, medical decision‐making, and public health policy. In the context of translational research with big health data, meaningful community‐researcher engagement will require developing and deploying coengagement tools across the research life cycle and developing approaches for novel coproduction.

Intro -- TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH FOR PRIMARY HEALTHCARE -- TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH FOR PRIMARY HEALTHCARE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Foreword -- TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE -- INTRODUCTION -- COLLABORATIONS ACROSS BORDERS -- INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH -- WHAT IS TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH? -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCEPTUALISING THE KEY TRANSLATIONAL CHALLENGES -- INCREASING RECOGNITION OF THE NEED FOR TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH -- THE "RESEARCH QUALITY" CONUNDRUM: ASSESSING THE REAL VALUE OF RESEARCH -- QUESTIONING WITHIN UNIVERSITIES ABOUT RESEARCH PRACTICE -- DEFINING TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH -- A DISTINCTIVE SET OF RESEARCH PRACTICES -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PARTICIPATIVE RESEARCH AND POLICY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE TRADITIONAL MODEL (1960S) -- A NEW MODEL (1990S) FOR EVIDENCE-INFORMED POLICY DEVELOPMENT INFORMED BY THE PUBLIC AND PRACTITIONERS -- A move to more evidence-informed decisions -- A shift in power -- A MODEL FOR TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- COMMUNICATING HEALTH DATA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- Why bother to communicate data to lay audiences? -- Common challenges -- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMMUNICATING HEALTH DATA -- Meaning, functionality, and availability -- Ethics and values -- Data presentation -- Policy advocacy situations -- Clinical situations -- OPT-IN FRAMEWORK -- Organize -- Plan -- Test -- Integrate -- OPT-IN EXAMPLE: POLICY ADVOCACY -- Organize -- Plan -- Test -- Integrate -- OPT-IN EXAMPLE: INFORMED DECISION MAKING -- Organize -- Plan -- Test and integrate -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PRIORITY DRIVEN RESEARCH IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE: HOW WELL HAS THE AUSTRALIAN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE RESEARCH INSTITUTE PERFORMED IN KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION? -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION.

This article summarizes critical evaluation needs, challenges, and lessons learned in translational research. Evaluation can play a key role in enhancing successful application of research-based programs and tools as well as informing program refinement and future research. Discussion centers on what is unique about evaluating programs and policies for implementation impact (or potential for dissemination). Central issues reviewed include the importance of context and local issues, robustness and external validity issues, multiple levels of evaluation, implementation fidelity versus customization, choosing evaluation designs to fit questions, and who participates and characteristics of success at each stage of program recruitment, delivery, and outcome. The use of mixed quantitative and qualitative methods is especially important, and the primary redirection that is needed is to focus on questions of decision makers and potential adoptees rather than the research colleagues.

Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of death and hospitalization worldwide. Despite medical advances, the prognosis of HF remains poor and new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. The development of new therapies for HF is hindered by inappropriate or incomplete preclinical studies. In these guidelines, we present a number of recommendations to enhance similarity between HF animal models and the human condition in order to reduce the chances of failure in subsequent clinical trials. We propose different approaches to address safety as well as efficacy of new therapeutic products. We also propose that good practice rules are followed from the outset so that the chances of eventual approval by regulatory agencies increase. We hope that these guidelines will help improve the translation of results from animal models to humans and thereby contribute to more successful clinical trials and development of new therapies for HF. ; European Union [CardioNeT-ITN-289600, CardioNext-ITN-608027, FP7-IMI-JU-SAFET-115003]; Spanish Ministry of Economy [SAF2012-31451]; Regional Government of Madrid [2010-BMD-2321]; Spanish Ministry of Economy; Pro-CNIC Foundation; NIH [HL-120732, HL100401]; AHA [14SFRN20740000]; CPRIT [RP110486P3]; Leducq Foundation [11CVD04]; MINECO-SAF [2013-42962R]; Instituto Carlos III [TERCEL-RD-12/00190026, RIC12/00420024] ; Sí

Extensive public-private partnerships, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the rare diseases community, which is seeing a renewed industry interest in smaller niche markets, have resulted in an increase of interventions for rare diseases. Significant collaborative efforts are required among the pharmaceutical industry, foundations, patient-advocacy groups, academic and government investigators and funding programs, regulatory scientists, and reimbursement agencies to meet the unmet diagnostic and treatment needs for approximately 25 million people in the United States with 7,000 rare diseases. The expanding role and outreach activities of patient-advocacy groups have increased public awareness. In the United States, a rare disease is defined as a disorder or condition with a prevalence of $3.5 billion for rare diseases research, including $750 million for orphan product development activities, nearly 11.4% of the NIH research budget. Several research institutes and centers of the NIH, including the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, have initiated varied translational research efforts to address the absence of preclinical and clinical data required for regulatory review purposes. Clinicians can expect to see significant increases in requests from patients and their families to participate in patient registries and natural history or observational studies to gather specific information from a larger pool of patients on the progression of the disease or response to treatments. An expanding emphasis on rare diseases provides hope for the millions of patients with rare diseases.

Since Stenhouse (1975) called for teachers to have ownership of research, there have been initial forays into teacher led research and evidence-based practice in schools. However, the notion of translational research in schools remains contested, in significant part because it still has not been rigorously conceptualised. This is an issue of increasing concern, in our rapidly developing world. Now, more than ever, we need research-informed education, to address the complex challenges faced by school communities, and those with the most significant role in supporting them: teachers. To address the gap in understanding how best to promote translational research in schools, this systematic literature review asked, what do innovative and impactful translational, teacher research infrastructures look like? By translational research, we mean a process of agentic and agonistic democracy within which teachers critically develop and, or use research to support their classroom practice. The purpose and focus of this paper therefore, is to present the current extent and form of translational research practices in schools by undertaking a comprehensive, systematic review of the published literature on the issue. We found that the potential for translational research in education can be considerably enhanced when five key themes are taken into consideration, these being: Teacher-Researcher Collaboration; Teachers as Researchers; Research Cultures in Schools; Teacher Agency; Sharing, Accessing and Utilizing Research. The notion of technology - as a theme in its own right - was notable by its absence. From the findings we have been able to propose a foundational framework of translational research in schools. To date there have been no other systematic literature reviews on translational research in education, nor any frameworks proposed; and thus this paper addresses a significant gap in the field.

Since Stenhouse (1975) called for teachers to have ownership of research, there have been initial forays into teacher led research and evidence-based practice in schools. However, the notion of translational research in schools remains contested, in significant part because it still has not been rigorously conceptualised. This is an issue of increasing concern, in our rapidly developing world. Now, more than ever, we need research-informed education, to address the complex challenges faced by school communities, and those with the most significant role in supporting them: teachers. To address the gap in understanding how best to promote translational research in schools, this systematic literature review asked, what do innovative and impactful translational, teacher research infrastructures look like? By translational research, we mean a process of agentic and agonistic democracy within which teachers critically develop and, or use research to support their classroom practice. The purpose and focus of this paper therefore, is to present the current extent and form of translational research practices in schools by undertaking a comprehensive, systematic review of the published literature on the issue. We found that the potential for translational research in education can be considerably enhanced when five key themes are taken into consideration, these being: Teacher-Researcher Collaboration; Teachers as Researchers; Research Cultures in Schools; Teacher Agency; Sharing, Accessing and Utilizing Research. The notion of technology - as a theme in its own right - was notable by its absence. From the findings we have been able to propose a foundational framework of translational research in schools. To date there have been no other systematic literature reviews on translational research in education, nor any frameworks proposed; and thus this paper addresses a significant gap in the field. ; peer-reviewed

This review focuses on several human population health research topics that exemplify interdisciplinary concepts and approaches from anthropology, nutrition, and public health with an emphasis on applied or translational global health implications. First, a recent study on neonatal survival in a resource-poor region emphasizes how health can be markedly improved with detailed translation and implementation of evidence from all three disciplines. Second, schistosomiasis, a parasitic worm infection, is reviewed with an emphasis on developing a consensus of its nutritional health burdens and the next translational research steps needed to improve control of both infection transmission and disease. Last, the author's long-term Samoan nutrition and health studies are described with a focus on new translational research to improve diabetes. This selective review attempts to provide a rationale for the intersections of anthropology, nutrition, and public health to proceed with fundamental biological, cultural, and behavioral research to reduce health inequalities globally and domestically.

PurposeThis paper seeks to consider selected aspects of the relationship between real estate valuation, human cognition, and translational research. Its purpose is to introduce the concept of cognitive risk, to propose a framework for mitigating it, and to develop a stream of translational research to transfer knowledge to real estate valuers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes an interdisciplinary conceptual approach towards the development and study of cognitive risk, and its mitigation. It proposes to broaden the study of behavioral issues in real estate valuation beyond cognitive psychology to cognitive science, and also fields such as time studies and human failure, in order to identify and mitigate cognitive risk.FindingsThe paper offers a framework as a starting‐point for handling cognitive risk. It borrows the concept of translational research from medicine to discuss how basic theoretical knowledge may be communicated to real estate valuers to improve performance.Originality/valueThe paper's concept of cognitive risk and discussion of its mitigation will enrich behavioral real estate by introducing the wisdom of other fields such as cognitive science and time studies. These fields have much to say about managing the risk surrounding human cognition, and will be of both academic and practical value to the discipline of real estate valuation.

This commentary is germane for clinical and translational researchers. Basic scientists may face different obstacles to developing their research careers. Over the past several years, the federal government has seen reductions in funding for extramural research. It seems that under the adverse economic forecasts, things are going to get worse. It might seem logical for the federal government to stretch whatever limited resources exist, by asking the institutions to cost‐share greater fractions of the actual research costs, and as an incentive, avoid the imposition of unfunded mandates. But alas, although well intended, there have been expensive requirements imposed by the government, making it difficult for investigators and institutions to adequately fund and conduct their research and for scientific journals to maintain paying subscribers. Five prominent and costly changes, which are the focus of this commentary are (1) HIPAA, (2) http://ClinicalTrials.Gov, (3) Clinical and Translational Science Awards, (4) Upcoming rule changes for IRBs, and (5) PubMedCentral, each of which will be discussed in the ensuing paragraphs. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 83–84