Suchergebnisse

Peace has all the characteristics of pure public goods, such as non-excludability and non-rivalry. While peace in national level is a public good, peace in international level is a global public good which should be financed accordingly. In this study, first, characteristics of peace as a global public good is investigated, then, how peace operations are financed in United Nations (UN) is examined. Although, there have been significant improvements on financing structure of UN peace operations, it is still not very efficient and the current level of funding for UN peace operations is inadequate. There is also a need for an effective sanction for late payment of peacekeeping assessments. In the literature, there have been many new ideas to finance peace operations more effectively, ranging from insurance approach (countries get insurance from UN) to applying some kind of arm trade tax on countries. Suggestions to improve financing peacekeeping operations as global public goods are also discussed in this study.

Peace has all the characteristics of pure public goods, such as non-excludability and non-rivalry. While peace in national level is a public good, peace in international level is a global public good which should be financed accordingly. In this study, first, characteristics of peace as a global public good is investigated, then, how peace operations are financed in United Nations (UN) is examined. Although, there have been significant improvements on financing structure of UN peace operations, it is still not very efficient and the current level of funding for UN peace operations is inadequate. There is also a need for an effective sanction for late payment of peacekeeping assessments. In the literature, there have been many new ideas to finance peace operations more effectively, ranging from insurance approach (countries get insurance from UN) to applying some kind of arm trade tax on countries. Suggestions to improve financing peacekeeping operations as global public goods are also discussed in this study.

Prehistory to Unification -- The Qin/Han era -- The Tang dynasty -- The Song dynasty -- The Yuan dynasty -- The Ming dynasty -- The high Qing dynasty -- The late Qing dynasty -- The first decades of the Republic -- The war years -- The early PRC, 1949-1965 -- The Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- The PRC reform era, 1978 to the present -- Global China -- Special categories of migrant

Göstergebilim, göstergeler üzerinden çözümleme yapan bir bilim dalıdır. Hem dil içi hem dil dışı göstergeler üzerinden derin yapıda yer alan anlamları yüzey yapıya çıkarır. Dil dışı göstergeler, bireyin günlük hayatında her an karşılaştığı sembollerden oluşmaktadır. Dil çalışmalarında ise dil içi göstergeler temel alınarak göstergebilim çözümlemeleri yapılır. Yunus Emre'nin şiiri incelendiği zaman da karşımıza yalın ama çok güçlü bir dil çıkmaktadır. Şiirlerinde yer verdiği söz varlığı çok geniş bir alana yayılmıştır. Göstergebilim aracılığı ile de Yunus Emre'nin şiirlerinde yer verdiği dil içi göstergeleri çözümlemek ve derinde yapıda kalıp fark edilmesi güç olabilen anlamları çözümlemek oldukça önemlidir.
Çalışmamızda yer verdiğimiz "insan sevgisi ve iyi insan olma" imgesi Yunus Emre için çok önemlidir ve şiirlerinde çokça değindiği bir konudur. Yunus Emre'nin evrensel bir yapısının olması, ele aldığı bu konular sayesinde olmuştur. Yunus Emre'nin şiirleri içerisinde 'insan sevgisi ve iyi insan olma' anlam alanını tespit ettiğimiz örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir ve her bir şiir kendi içerisinde gösterge tespit ve açıklamaları ile incelenmiştir.
Sonuç olarak Yunus Emre'nin 'insan sevgisi ve iyi insan olma' izleğinin geçtiği şiirleri, Peirce'in üçgenine göre değerlendirilip yorumlanacaktır. Yunus Emre'nin şiirlerinde sıklıkla üzerinde durduğu bu temanın değerlendirilmesi ve göstergebilim kuramlarının yardımı ile yeniden yorumlanması oldukça önemli görülmektedir.

Duan, Haiyan. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-83). ; Abstracts also in Chinese. ; LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Research Question --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Approach and Methods --- p.4 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.7 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.8 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Provision of Public Goods as a Governmental Function --- p.8 ; Chapter 2.2 --- The Design and Practice of Fiscal Transfer --- p.11 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- China´ةs Fiscal Institution --- p.20 ; Chapter 3.1 --- "The Drop of "Two Ratios"", and 1994 Fiscal Reform" --- p.20 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Post-1994 System and the Intergovernmental Fiscal Relation --- p.23 ; Chapter 3.3 --- The Finance of Public Goods Provision --- p.37 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Fiscal Institution below Province --- p.45 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Impact of Fiscal Transfer on Public Goods Provision: Cross-county Analysis of Shanxi --- p.52 ; Chapter 4.1 --- The Equalization Effect of Fiscal Transfer --- p.54 ; Chapter 4.2 --- The Impact of Fiscal Transfer on County Governments´ة Preference of Expenditure --- p.58 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.75 ; REFRENCES --- p.79

Wu, Yanni. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-65). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.8 ; Chapter Chapter 2: --- Research Significance ; Chapter 2.1 --- Theoretical significance --- p.10 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Empirical significance --- p.11 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Literature Review ; Chapter 3.1 --- Background of CSR --- p.12 ; Chapter 3.2 --- The conceptual development of CSR --- p.13 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Definition of CSR --- p.16 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Why or why not corporations make philanthropic contributions? --- p.16 ; Chapter 3.4.1 --- Economic rewards for doing corporate philanthropy --- p.16 ; Chapter 3.4.2 --- Public Visibility --- p.17 ; Chapter 3.4.3 --- Institutional perspective --- p.20 ; Chapter 3.5 --- Research on CSR in China --- p.26 ; Chapter 3.6. --- Theoretical Framework --- p.31 ; Chapter Chapter 4: --- Data and Method --- p.33 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Data --- p.33 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Method --- p.35 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Measurement --- p.37 ; Chapter 4.3.1 --- Dependent Variables --- p.37 ; Chapter 4.3.2 --- Independent Variables --- p.38 ; Chapter 4.3.3 --- Control Variables --- p.41 ; Chapter Chapter 5: --- Findings and Discussions --- p.44 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Significance of variables indicating arguments of economic rewards --- p.45 ; Chapter 5.2 --- Significance of variables indicating new institutionalism --- p.47 ; Chapter 5.2.1 --- Variables indicating the normative influence --- p.47 ; Chapter 5.2.2 --- Variables indicating the cultural-cognitive influence --- p.48 ; Chapter 5.3 --- Significance of variable indicating political incentive --- p.51 ; Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.52 ; Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.57 ; Reference --- p.60

Fung, Chun Kit. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-135). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Declaration --- p.i ; Acknowledgement --- p.ii ; Abbreviations --- p.iii ; Abstract in English --- p.v ; Abstract in Chinese --- p.vii ; Table of Contents --- p.ix ; List of Figures --- p.xii ; Chapter Chapter 1 - --- Introduction ; Chapter 1.1 --- Genus Cordyceps --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Cordyceps militaris --- p.4 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Biological Functions and Chemical Constituents of Cordyceps militaris --- p.9 ; Chapter 1.4 --- "Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Line, 16HBE14o-" --- p.13 ; Chapter 1.5 --- Ion Transport in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells --- p.16 ; Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives of the Experiments --- p.20 ; Chapter Chapter 2 - --- Materials and Methods ; Chapter 2.1 --- Solutions and Chemicals --- p.21 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Preparation of Hot Water Cordyceps militaris Extract --- p.22 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Culture of Cells --- p.23 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Short-Circuit Current (lsc) Measurement --- p.24 ; Chapter 2.5 --- Short-Circuit Current (lsc) Measurement in Nystatin-Permeabilized Monolayer --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.6 --- Measurements of [Ca2+]i --- p.31 ; Chapter 2.7 --- Measurement of PKA Activity --- p.36 ; Chapter 2.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.37 ; Chapter Chapter 3 - --- Results ; Chapter 3.1 --- Regulation of Ion Transport in 16HBE14o- Cells by CM Water Extract --- p.38 ; Chapter 3.1.1 --- Dose-Dependent Relationship of CM Water Extract --- p.39 ; Chapter 3.1.2 --- "Involvement of CI"" Transport in CM-induced lsc Response" --- p.42 ; Chapter 3.1.3 --- Involvement of K+ channels in CM-induced lsc Response --- p.47 ; Chapter 3.1.4 --- Involvement of Adenylate Cyclase/cAMP/Protein Kinase A Pathway in CM-induced lsc Response --- p.52 ; Chapter 3.1.5 --- Involvement of Ca2+-Dependent Pathway in CM-induced lsc Response --- p.57 ; Chapter 3.1.6 --- "Effect of CM Extract on Apical CI"" Current and Basolateral K+ Current in ...

Bu tez çalışmasında, iyi yönetişim ilkelerinin Türkiye'deki Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumunda uygulanabilirliği incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde yönetim/ yönetişim kavramlarının tarihsel süreçlerine, tanımlarına, yönetişim türlerinden olan Küresel Yönetişim, Kamu Yönetişimi ve İyi yönetişim kavramlarının tanımlarına ve iyi yönetişim ilkelerine iki başlık altında ayrıntılı bir şekilde yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, Ombudsmanlık Kurumunun tarihi geçmişi, ilk ortaya çıkışı ve kurumun ilk olarak uygulandığı İsveç başta olmak üzere çeşitli ülkelerdeki uygulanma şekline yer verilmiştir. Değerlendirilen ülkelerde Ombudsmanlık Kurumunun farklı uygulama alanları ve şekilleri olduğu gösterilmek istenmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü ve son bölümünde Ombudsmanlık Kurumunun Türkiye'de Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu adıyla kurulma süreci, özelikle Cumhuriyet sonrası dönem olarak değerlendirilmiş ve kurumun yasalaşma süreci ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan bu incelemede iyi yönetişim ilkeleri dikkate alınarak kurumun yayınları, faaliyetleri, kurumun internet sitesi, mevzuatı, kararları, başdenetçinin ve denetçilerin yazılı ve sözlü açıklamaları ile özellikle Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu yayını olan Ombudsman Bülten Dergisi üzerinden ele alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede iyi yönetişimin genel kabul gören altı ilkesi olan; şeffaflık, katılımcılık, etkinlik, hesap verilebilirlik, tutarlılık, hukukun üstünlüğü ilgili açıklamalar ve faaliyetler açısından değerlendirilmiştir. İlgili literatüre ilave olarak söz konusu kaynaklarda iyi yönetişimin ilkeleri ile alakalı örnekler gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın yöntemi olarak verilere ulaşmak için kapsamlı literatür taraması yapılmış ve Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumunda İyi yönetişim ilkeleri ne ölçüde uygulanıyor? sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. İyi yönetişim ilkelerinin tanımları çalışmanın sınırlarını oluşturmuştur ve elde edilen bulgular tanımlara göre değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmeler ışığında bu çalışmada sonuç olarak; iyi yönetişim ilkeleri çerçevesinde Türkiye'deki Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu için hesap verilebilirlik ve şeffaflık ilkeleri açısından "geliştirilebilir" değerlendirmesi; katılımcılık, etkinlik, tutarlılık, hukukun üstünlüğü ilkeleri için "güçlü" değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. ; In this thesis, the applicability of good governance principles in the Ombudsman Institution in Turkey has been examined. In the first part of the study, the historical processes and definitions of the concepts of management / governance, the definitions of the concepts of Global Governance, Public Governance and Good Governance, which are types of governance, and good governance principles are given in detail under two headings. In the second part of the study, the historical background of the Ombudsman Institution, its first appearance and the way it was implemented in various countries, especially Sweden, where the institution was first applied, are given. It is aimed to show that the Ombudsman Institution has different application areas and forms in the evaluated countries. In the third and last part of the study, the establishment process of the Ombudsman Institution under the name of Ombudsman Institution in Turkey,In particular, it has been evaluated as the post-Republican period and the enactment process of the institution has been examined in detail. In this review, taking into account the principles of good governance, the publications of the institution, its activities, the institution's website, legislation, decisions, written and oral explanations of the chief auditor and auditors, and especially the Ombudsman Bulletin, the publication of the Ombudsman Institution, were discussed. In this context, the six generally accepted principles of good governance; Transparency, participation, effectiveness, accountability, consistency, rule of law were evaluated in terms of relevant explanations and activities. In addition to the relevant literature, examples related to the principles of good governance have been tried to be shown in these sources.As the method of the study, a comprehensive literature review was made to reach the data and to what extent are the principles of good governance applied in the Ombudsman Institution? The answer to the question has been sought. The definitions of good governance principles formed the limits of the study and the findings were evaluated according to the definitions. In the light of the evaluations made, as a result of this study; within the framework of good governance principles, the evaluation of the Ombudsman Institution in Turkey as "improvable" in terms of accountability and transparency principles; "strong" evaluation was made for the principles of participation, effectiveness, consistency and rule of law.The definitions of good governance principles formed the limits of the study and the findings were evaluated according to the definitions. In the light of the evaluations made, as a result of this study; within the framework of good governance principles, the evaluation of the Ombudsman Institution in Turkey as "improvable" in terms of accountability and transparency principles; "strong" evaluation was made for the principles of participation, effectiveness, consistency and rule of law.The definitions of good governance principles formed the limits of the study and the findings were evaluated according to the definitions. In the light of the evaluations made, as a result of this study; within the framework of good governance principles, the evaluation of the Ombudsman Institution in Turkey as "improvable" in terms of accountability and transparency principles; "strong" evaluation was made for the principles of participation, effectiveness, consistency and rule of law

AB, yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısının başlarında, altı kurucu devlet arasında, sektörel bir işbirliği olarak başlayan, göz kamaştırıcı bir başarıyla bir ekonomik bütünleşmeye ilerleyen ve yeni üyelerin katılımıyla politik bir birliğe dönüşen uzun bir yolculuğun hikayesidir. İçeriği devasa Avrupa halklarının yönetimi olan konularla baş edebilmek için yeni kurumsal mekanizmalar ve üyeler bu yolculuğa eklemlendi. Ancak bu zaman zarfı içerisinde yapısını ve işleyiş mekanizmasını daima sorgulayan AB, demokratik kurallar ve prosedürlere yakınlaşabilmek için kendini demokratik ve ekonomik olarak geliştirmiş ülkelerle mukayese ederek hep en iyisini arama çabasını sürdürdü. Bu çalışmamız, bu çabayı gerçekleştirme sürecinde AB'nin maruz kaldığı kurumsal problemleri sosyo-politik boyutuyla çözümlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. ; The EU began its journey at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century as a sectoral cooperation between the six founding member states and progressed miraculously by creating an economic union and then a political union with the new members. Throughout the years it has developed with new members and institutional set up in order to cope with the tremendous issues concerning the administration of European people. It has advanced to such an extent that, recently its structure and institutions have been questioned in terms of congruence with democratic rules and procedures; and what is more, this is usually done by comparing the EU with democratically and economically developed states. This article tries to indicate the institutional deficits of EU in achieving the aforementioned aims.

本文论述陈冠中的长篇小说《盛世:中国,2013》揭示了一种出现于晚期社会主义中国的焦灼感。这种普遍却又隐秘的集体心态体现了当代中国人在两种信念之间的摇摆状态:毛时代遗留下的中国社会主义传统,以及"改革开放"后萌生的个人主义信条。陈冠中分别以"好地狱"与"伪天堂"的意象来概括两种社会形态下的内部矛盾。一方面,"好地狱"中所拥有的中国革命精神既成就了中国"反帝反封建"无产阶级革命的胜利,同时又不可避免地导向了"文化大革命"的发生。另一方面,生活在"伪天堂"中的人们虽然尝到了物质生活所带来的甜头,却也不得不思量为其付出的文化、政治代价。尽管许多人将陈冠中提出的"伪天堂"概念解读为中国现实的缩影,本文却不鼓励中西读者止步于此。在"好地狱"与"伪天堂"中进行非此即彼的抉择无疑固化了这种二元对立的思维范式,而无从冲破现实的窘境。本文希望通过对小说系统而细致的阅读向读者展示《盛世》突显了当代中国人在面对"好地狱"与"伪天堂"时焦虑、矛盾、无所适从的心态。而想要走出这种心态,必须先摆脱"好地狱"与"伪天堂"所设下的思维禁锢。 ; This thesis argues Chan Koon-Chung's The Fat Years (2009) reflects a collective anxiety in late socialist China. The anxiety concerns the tension that is immanent to a receding belief in the emancipatory potential of Maoist Communism and a growing recognition of the failure of the liberatory potential of a turn to individualism. For Chan, this anxiety is written in terms of a "Good Hell" and a "False Paradise." The Good Hell refers to the egalitarian revolutionary spirit, which nonetheless powered the terror of the Cultural Revolution; while the False Paradise refers to the miscarried promises of the turn to capitalism. What Chan presents the reader with, then, is not a simple choice between a Good Hell and a False Paradise, but a confusing or "sticky" world in which China's middle class hesitate to devote themselves to either paradigm. Of course, such indecision does not benefit the State, and so Chan shows how the Central Government ultimately attempts to position the middle class. It does so by monumentalizing the past, which is to say creating an abrupt rupture between "now" and "then," and therein disconnecting history from the present. In this way, the world of confusion turns into an unbearable one where individual will is only permitted if one first surrenders to Government ideology. Chan's wager is that China's middle class should once again embrace the sense of confusion that comes from the complicated psychological state of the unreconciled ideas embedded in the "Good Hell and False Paradise" complex. Only in this way can one begin to examine ...

Bu çalışmada iyi yönetim yolsuzluk için bir çözüm olarak önerilmiştir. yi yönetim insan hakları için en uygun yönetimidir. Hükümetler iyi yönetimi sağlarsa,yolsuzluk kendiliğinden ortadan kalkacaktır. Yolsuzluk kamu sektöründe kamu gücünün özel çıkarlar için kötüye kullanılmasıdır. Politikacılar yada memurlar uygunsuz ve kanunsuz bir şekilde kendilerini zenginleştirirler. Rüşvet iki sebep için ödenir. Bunlardan biri kıt kaynaklara ulaşmak için; diğeri masraflardan sakınmak içindir. Yolsuzluğun iki farklı kategorisi vardır. Birincisinde kamu görevlisi kanun gereği yapmak zorunda olduğu bir şeyi yapmak için meşru olmayan kazanç edinir. ikinci durumda rüşvet yapılması yasaklanmış bir hizmetin elde edilmesi için ödenir.Hükümet kademelerinin her seviyesinde kanuna uygun yada kanuna aykırı yolsuzluk meydana gelebilir. Değişik derecelerde ve büyük yolsuzluktan küçük dereceli yolsuzluğa kadar etki gösterebilir. Eğer yolsuzluk kontrol altına alınamazsa, demokratik kurumların güvenilirliğini tehdit edebilir. Yolsuzlukla mücadele programları iyi yönetimi ve kamu sisteminde şeffaflık ve hesap verilebilirliği sağlamak zorundadır. ; In this study, Good Administration is offered to solve corruption. Good Administration is most suitable governance for human rights. f goverments brings good governance, corruption would be eliminated by itself. Corruption is the misuse of entrusted power for private benefit. Officials in the public sector, whether politicians or civil servants improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves. Bribes may be paid for two reasons. One of them is access to a scarce benefit, the other is for avoidance of a cost. There are two quite separate categories of corruption. In the first situation, an official is receiving private gain illegally for doing something which he is ordinarily required to do by law. In the second situation, the bribe is paid to obtain services which the official is prohibited from providing. "According-to-rule" and"against-the-rule" corruption can occur at all levels of the government hierarchy and range in scale and impact from "grandcorruption" to small scale varieties. If corruption cannot be brought under control, it can threaten the viability of democratic institutions. Anti corruption programs must provide Good Administration and transparency and accountability in public systems.