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Shipping list no.: 2005-0103-P. ; 1993 version for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. ; "This brochure was prepared in the U.S. Army Center of Military History by Charles R. Anderson"--P. [2]. ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. [4] of cover). ; Mode of access: Internet.

This study presents the policy of Arabization in Tunisia as an example of language planning which has been used to pursue and maintain power. It argues that Arabization has been promoted only to the extent that it served the interests of the politico-economic ruling elite. After reviewing the relevant literature, the study evaluates the language situation in Tunisia in terms of the degree of implementation of Arabization in three domains: 1) education; 2) government administration; 3) the media and general use. The study shows that the official authorities have been quite inconsistent in promoting Arabization, and that they have encouraged bilingualism (Arabic and French) and biculturalism (Arab-Islamic and Western European, mainly French) much more consistently. In this light, the study analyzes the attitudes and objectives of the authorities, who represent the influential elites, as they interact with other competing elites in order to maintain power.

Sousse is situated in North Africa on the southern shore of the Gulf of Hammamet. The town was founded in the 9 th century by the Phoenicians as Hadrumet. Hannibal used Hadrumet as a military basis at the end of the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), which was lost by him. Later on – during the Third Punic War – the city changed over to the Romans and avoided therefore demolition. The city gets the new name Hadrumetum, became a part of the Roman Empire and gained the status of a free city. Under the rule of Emperor Trajan it became an important commerce centre: The number of inhabitants rised to about 40.000; the port got great importance for the exportation of olive oil. Due to the devastations of the following periods there are no Roman ruins to be seen. The archaeological museum exhibits nice Roman mosaics, and also Christian catacombs in the outskirts. In the 5 th century the city suffered destruction by the Vandals and got the name Hunerikopolis. The name changed to Justinianopolis when the Byzantines took over control. The city became one of the most important Byzantine bases in North Africa.

The main objectives of the Country Environmental Analysis for Tunisia are: (a) to facilitate the integration of environmental issues into sectoral development strategies, which could affect the sustainability of development in particular with respect to economic growth, poverty reduction, and quality of life, and (b) to improve, adapt, and strengthen institutional capacity and decision-making processes in line within this integration requirement and the international economic context. Three outcome and progress indicators, which despite being incomplete and could be improved, made it possible to assess the trends and environmental progress for this study: The cost of environmental degradation is estimated at 522 million Tunisian dinars, or 2.1 percent of gross domestic product (GDP)-the lowest rate among the Mashreq and Maghreb countries. Adjusted Net Savings (ANS) rose from 2.6 percent of GDP in 1980 to 19 percent in 1999, with a prevalence of around 15 percent and steady growth between 1993 and 1999. In the Environmental Sustainability Index, Tunisia ranks 61st among 142 countries rated. Its ranking places it in the middle of the countries of the Mediterranean Basin and first in the group of southern Mediterranean countries.

International audience ; Réutilisation des eaux usées en Tunisie: enjeux et perspectives. Dans les régions arides et semi-arides, des pays tels que la Tunisie font face à des problèmes croissants de déficit en eau. Selon les prévisions, une augmentation de la consommation de l'eau à des fins domestiques et industrielles vers l'an 2020 risque d'entraîner une diminution du volume d'eau disponible pour le secteur agricole. Il est par conséquent important de développer de nouvelles ressources en eau ainsi que de protéger celles qui existent. La réutilisation agricole des eaux usées est un des moyens de faire face à ces problèmes. A cet effet et avant de passer au stade d'une exploitation à grande échelle, un programme de recherche a démarré depuis 1980 sur ce sujet. L'objectif de ce travail était de déterminer les conditions d'utilisation agricole des eaux usées traitées tenant compte de leur composition physico-chimique et biologique, des impacts de l'application d'eaux usées sur le système eau-sol-plante, et d'évaluer les effets à long-terme de leur application sur les propriétés du sol tenant compte des pratiques d'irrigation. Les résultats obtenus ont montré la faisabilité de la réutilisation des eaux usées moyennant des précautions d'emploi. Une politique nationale de réutilisation des eaux usées a ainsi été élaborée et mise en place. La réutilisation des eaux usées est devenue une composante essentielle de la stratégie nationale des ressources en eau. Les eaux usées sont essentiellement utilisées à des fins agricoles et pour l'irrigation d'espaces récréationnels tels que les terrains de golf. D'autres opportunités de réutilisation des eaux usées telles que la recharge de nappes sont à l'étude. Les principaux résultats de recherche obtenus durant les dernières décades, le cadre général de la réutilisation des eaux usées ainsi que les enjeux et les perspectives sont présentés dans ce papier. (Résumé d'auteur)

International audience ; Réutilisation des eaux usées en Tunisie: enjeux et perspectives. Dans les régions arides et semi-arides, des pays tels que la Tunisie font face à des problèmes croissants de déficit en eau. Selon les prévisions, une augmentation de la consommation de l'eau à des fins domestiques et industrielles vers l'an 2020 risque d'entraîner une diminution du volume d'eau disponible pour le secteur agricole. Il est par conséquent important de développer de nouvelles ressources en eau ainsi que de protéger celles qui existent. La réutilisation agricole des eaux usées est un des moyens de faire face à ces problèmes. A cet effet et avant de passer au stade d'une exploitation à grande échelle, un programme de recherche a démarré depuis 1980 sur ce sujet. L'objectif de ce travail était de déterminer les conditions d'utilisation agricole des eaux usées traitées tenant compte de leur composition physico-chimique et biologique, des impacts de l'application d'eaux usées sur le système eau-sol-plante, et d'évaluer les effets à long-terme de leur application sur les propriétés du sol tenant compte des pratiques d'irrigation. Les résultats obtenus ont montré la faisabilité de la réutilisation des eaux usées moyennant des précautions d'emploi. Une politique nationale de réutilisation des eaux usées a ainsi été élaborée et mise en place. La réutilisation des eaux usées est devenue une composante essentielle de la stratégie nationale des ressources en eau. Les eaux usées sont essentiellement utilisées à des fins agricoles et pour l'irrigation d'espaces récréationnels tels que les terrains de golf. D'autres opportunités de réutilisation des eaux usées telles que la recharge de nappes sont à l'étude. Les principaux résultats de recherche obtenus durant les dernières décades, le cadre général de la réutilisation des eaux usées ainsi que les enjeux et les perspectives sont présentés dans ce papier. (Résumé d'auteur)

International audience ; Réutilisation des eaux usées en Tunisie: enjeux et perspectives. Dans les régions arides et semi-arides, des pays tels que la Tunisie font face à des problèmes croissants de déficit en eau. Selon les prévisions, une augmentation de la consommation de l'eau à des fins domestiques et industrielles vers l'an 2020 risque d'entraîner une diminution du volume d'eau disponible pour le secteur agricole. Il est par conséquent important de développer de nouvelles ressources en eau ainsi que de protéger celles qui existent. La réutilisation agricole des eaux usées est un des moyens de faire face à ces problèmes. A cet effet et avant de passer au stade d'une exploitation à grande échelle, un programme de recherche a démarré depuis 1980 sur ce sujet. L'objectif de ce travail était de déterminer les conditions d'utilisation agricole des eaux usées traitées tenant compte de leur composition physico-chimique et biologique, des impacts de l'application d'eaux usées sur le système eau-sol-plante, et d'évaluer les effets à long-terme de leur application sur les propriétés du sol tenant compte des pratiques d'irrigation. Les résultats obtenus ont montré la faisabilité de la réutilisation des eaux usées moyennant des précautions d'emploi. Une politique nationale de réutilisation des eaux usées a ainsi été élaborée et mise en place. La réutilisation des eaux usées est devenue une composante essentielle de la stratégie nationale des ressources en eau. Les eaux usées sont essentiellement utilisées à des fins agricoles et pour l'irrigation d'espaces récréationnels tels que les terrains de golf. D'autres opportunités de réutilisation des eaux usées telles que la recharge de nappes sont à l'étude. Les principaux résultats de recherche obtenus durant les dernières décades, le cadre général de la réutilisation des eaux usées ainsi que les enjeux et les perspectives sont présentés dans ce papier. (Résumé d'auteur)

Based on statistics from the Central bank of Tunisia and on a survey describing Tunisian workers who have returned from migration, this paper shows that temporary migration has potentially important consequences for sending countries like Tunisia. The effects operate through at least two channels. On one hand, transfers sent by migrants to their origin country represent a sizeable source of foreign currency and income. On the other, savings repatriated upon return under different types of goods allow poor workers to overcome credit constraints for investment into small projects. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In classic — so called democratic — elections the governors are normally bound by the outcome of the electoral consultation. Their replacement by opposition leaders is conceivable, at least in principle. That is not the case for elections falling within a composite category of elections which can be described as 'semi-competitive'. This does not mean, despite the absence of key issues, that this type of electoral consultation has no interest. In this respect, the various presidential and legislative elections that have taken place in Tunisia since November 1987 make it possible to seize the mechanisms for structuring and restructuring the Tunisian opposition in the context of controlled pluralism. Looking at the history of the country, it can be understood that the elections have never been a challenge to power, nor even helped to change its direction. Opposition leaders who embarked on this path had to defeat very quickly, with calls denouncing manipulation and electoral fraud remaining a dead letter. While the 'pluralistic' elections never involved the two heads of state who have hitherto chaired the destiny of the Tunisian Republic, they nevertheless have various meanings, which vary according to the contexts and objectives assigned to them by political power. They can be used to assess the power ratios and conclusions to be drawn from them (April 1989). They provide an opportunity to punish opponents who have violated the "code of good conduct" set by the power and to grant both material and symbolic rewards to those who have remained within the framework defined by it (October 1999). Electoral deadlines also serve to show abroad that the regime is on the path to deepening pluralism and democratisation. They are then a response to those who, in Europe or elsewhere, accuse the power of violating human rights. Moreover, at a time when the Maghreb political environment opens up to a multi-party parliamentary system, the Tunisian authorities must not stay behind (October 1999). It is in the light of these ...

The research aims at an analysis of foreign investment in North Africa in historical perspective with particular reference to the trend of foreign direct investment in the manufacturing industry in Tunisia. The historical reasons that determine foreign investment in Tunisia will be considered in the first part of the study and relate mainly to the economic structure of the pre-colonial period and the experience of colonialism. In the central part of the research will be considered in the economic environment of the North African countries for foreign investment, euromaghrebine relations, bilateral relations between the countries of North Africa and the various incentive policies for investment. In the last part instead will be analyzed the trend in investment flows to the countries of North Africa with particular reference to the case of Tunisia and will present the results of a field study carried out on a limited sample of foreign companies operating in Tunisia. ; La ricerca mira ad un'analisi degli investimenti stranieri in Nord Africa in prospettiva storica con particolare riferimento alla tendenza degli investimenti diretti nell'industria manifatturiera in Tunisia. Le ragioni storiche che determinano gli investimenti stranieri in Tunisia saranno prese in considerazione nella prima parte dello studio e riguardano essenzialmente la struttura economica del periodo precoloniale e l'esperienza del colonialismo. Nella parte centrale della ricerca verranno presi in esame l'ambiente economico dei paesi del Nord Africa per gli investimenti stranieri, le relazioni euromaghrebine, i rapporti bilaterali tra i paesi del Nord Africa e le diverse politiche d'incentivazione agli investimenti. Nell'ultima parte invece verrà analizzata la tendenza dei flussi d'investimento verso i paesi del Nord Africa con particolare riferimento al caso della Tunisia e verranno presentati i risultati di una ricerca sul campo effettuata su un campione limitato di imprese straniere attive in Tunisia.

A number of strategies have been proposed by various organizations and governments for rationalizing the use of drugs in developing countries. Such strategies include the use of essential drug lists, generic prescribing, and training in rational prescribing. None of these require doctors to become actively involved in the management of the drug supply to their health centres. In 1997, in the Kasserine region of Tunisia, the regional health authorities piloted a radically different strategy. This involved the theoretical allocation of a proportion of the regional drug budget to each district and subsequently to each health centre according to estimated demand. Medical staff were given responsibility for the management of these budgets, allowing them to control the nature and quantities of drugs supplied to the health centres in which they worked. This paper outlines the process by which this strategy was successfully implemented in the Foussana district of Kasserine region, and explores the problems encountered. It describes now the theoretical budgets were allocated to each district and how the costs of individual drugs and the consumption of drugs in the previous year were calculated. It then continues by giving an account of the training of the staff of the health centres, the preparation of a drug order form and the method of allocation of the theoretical budgets to each of the health centres. The results give an account of how the prescribing habits of doctors were changed as a result of the strategy, in order to take into account the costs of the drugs that they prescribed. They show how the health centres were able to manage their budgets, spending overall 99.8% of the budget allocated to the district. They outline some of the changes in the prescribing habits that took place, demonstrating a greater use of appropriate and essential drugs. The paper concludes that doctors and paramedical staff can successfully manage a theoretical drug budget, and that their involvement in this process leads to more ...

Proceedings of the International Water Demand Management Conference May 30th-June 3rd, 2004, Jordan ; This paper analyzes and assesses the potential factors that promote or discourage the use of reclaimed wastewater in irrigated agriculture in Jordan and Tunisia as representative of the Middle East and North Africa region. To help understanding the underlying fundamental driving forces for wastewater reuse, a number of selected irrigation schemes were surveyed and methodological interviews with stakeholders were conducted as part of the fieldwork in Jordan and Tunisia. The selected stakeholders in each of the two countries represented governmental administrators, operational staff, farmers, and common public at household level. The regulatory, financial, and socio-cultural (dis)incentives were shown in the field surveys to be of great relevance in the shaping of the decisions of both the farmers – who have to buy the reclaimed water and apply certain agronomic approaches – and the public – that must decide whether to buy the crops watered with reclaimed wastewater. The most prominent factors are: (i) finding reliable users for reclaimed wastewater, (ii) awareness to change the attitudes of farmers and public, (iii) storage and reliability of supplies, (iv) farmers' accessibility to freshwater, (v) stringent quality standards and regulations, (vi) farmers' involvement, (vii) coordination and cooperation between the various institutions, (viii) the wastewater treatment approach with the discharge objective, and (ix) pricing of freshwater and reclaimed wastewater. ; WASCAPAL Program, The Netherlands

The promotion of democracy in developing countries has been at the top of the foreign policy agenda of most western countries in the last decade. This stems from the liberal sentiment that the spread of democracy is the basis for international peace. However, the continuities of power politics outnumber the novelties of the international environment. This paper argues that processes of democratisation cannot be simply understood in light of the role of new concepts such as international legal norms, liberal ideals and economic globalization. Geopolitical understanding is key to explaining both failures and successes of democratizations. The paper highlights how western promotion of democracy is in fact the pursuit of selfish interests and democracy is a criterion that powerful countries apply to serve their national interest. This can be clearly witnessed when accounting for western policies in the Maghreb where the west supports brutal authoritarian regimes for geopolitical benefits. The connection between western regimes and Maghreb reigning elites are examined to demonstrate how the discourse of democracy is replaced by the practice of repression.

The Second ODINAFRICA Training Course in Marine Data Management was held in Tunis, Tunisia between 29 April and 10 May 2002, and was organised by the Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM). It was held simultaneously with the ODINAFRICA II Marine Information Management Training Course, and the last session of both workshops was a joint activity to foster coordination between the groups. The workshop was attended by students from 18 countries of the IOCINCWIO and IOCEA Regions. Lectures were provided by invited resource persons from the United States of America and the IOC. The workshop programme was based on the IOC OceanTeacher capacity building tool - an extensive collation of documents on marine data, formats, software, program and data management procedures, manuals, protocols, and associated tutorials. A set of intersessional assignments was formulated that included a wide range of specific dataset measures and products that will be assigned regularly through the recently-established ODINAFRICA.net communication network. ; Supported by the IOC and the Government of Flanders. ; Document available in English. ; Published

"May 1987." ; At head of title: 100th Congress, 1st session. Committee print. ; CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 87 H382-11 ; Microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.