Suchergebnisse

"In the broadest sense, the ovjectives of the field study were two-fold: (1) to define demographic characteristics and motivations of the migrant and to determine what socio-economic and socio-cultural effects the migration experience has upon the lives of returned migrants; (2) to learn what discernable effects the migration movement had had upon the Turkish labor market, particularly with reference to the three selected regional markets of Izmir, Kocaeli and Zonguldak. Within each of these provinces, the applied methodology was three dimensional: (1) to obtain from official archives demographic data on one-time residents of the province who had been placed in positions abroad through official auspices; (2) to interview persons once employed abroad but since settled, or re-settled, in the province; and (3) to interview management in a cross-section of industries present there in order to define from this primary empirical source the characteristics of the regional labor market and to measure possible effects of emigration upon the regional economy." ((en))

"This chapter focuses on the individual emigrant Turkish worker and presents a model which attempts to explain why the average worker desires to migrate, the manner and timing in which be allocates his earnings abroad, and his aspirations upon return to Turkey. Worker's earnings abroad are disaggregated into a country and puroüse matrix, namely (a) standard of living maintenance in Turkey and Germany and (b) asset accumulation in Turkey and Germany. Determinant social and economic factors are presented and analyzed. Recent survey results are presented in an attempt to verify the major hypotheses of the model and ascertain major policy-oriented implications with special reference to (a) private rates of return, (b) employment impact, including skill acquisition and increased mobility, and (c) wealth effect in terms of utilization of savings. Because Turkey ranks as the primary supplier of emigrant labor to West Germany and workers' remittances represent the largest single source of foreign exchange earnings for Turkey, labor importatio obviously has and will continue to have significant social and economic ramifications for both supplier and recipient economies." ((en))

"This chapter is concerned with the migratory behavior of Turkish citizens holding the Ph. D. degree who are professionally employed outside Turkey. Its purpose is to examine selected characteristics of the migrants, to relate these characteristics to migratory behavior, and to identify the main motives for migration. Presumably, such information could be used in attempts to control or regulate the migration of talent from Turkey." ((en))

"For industrialization to succeed, Turkey needs to develop an industrial labor force from a population largely rural and, for the most part, minimally educated and unaccustomed to industrial mores. This chapter analyzes the problems associated with converting this predominantly rural population into an industrial labor force. A simple model of the conversion process is presented and applied to a unique set of data on Turkish workers employed at home and in West Germany. From the analysis, factors essential to this process are first isolated. An estimate is then obtained of the constraint placed upon Turkey's joining the European Common Market as an industrial competitor by the lack of an existing industrial labor force. The analysis shows that a potential exists for Turkey to use returned migrants as a basis for an industrial labor force and thus by-pass a large portion of the costs of generating industrial labor domestically." ((en))

"For determining the manner and extent to which migration assists or hinders economic development in a labor-exporting country, the case of Turkey is studied as a model of a developing economy with a large labor surplus. The adoption of a migration policy by the Turkish government is viewed as an effort to simultaneously relieve unemployment pressures and build up foreign exchange reserves. Due to the unavailability of sufficiently detailed data with which to carry out a formal cost-benefit analysis of the effects of migration upon Turkish economic development, an assessment is made of the actual or anticipated impact of migration upon (1) gross national product and gross domestic product, (2) capital formation, (3) employment, (4) labor productivity, and (5) per capita income. Each of these five indices of economic development is treated first with regard to theoretical considerations followed by empirical investigations. The variable movements of the indicators imply that, at the very least, migration policy has not had adverse effects on Turkish economic development." ((en))