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Based on the original unpublished documents of the Italian ambassador in Ankara, the article refers to the difficult situation in which Turkey found itself as a consequence of the 1956 Suez Canal crisis. Since its entry into NATO in 1952, the Turkish government had been active in completing the Western defensive system in the Middle East. After the disappointing Middle East Command & the Medo, which had to see Egypt as a main pillar, the US Secretary of State saw in the Northern Tier line as the real base for building the Baghdad Pact. GB, of course, had to be the "glue" of the structure. Pakistan would be a new element; an Arab country; Iraq, was most welcome; & Iran joined too. Turkey tried from the beginning to get Washington into the Pact. It had to measure itself against the irresistible rise of Nasserism & the strong dissuasive action it exerted on Hussein of Jordan & Nuri Said of Iraq. When Nasser's ascendancy gained ground in Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, & Iraq, Turkey tried in vain to connect the Baghdad Pact to NATO; Cairo & Damascus, the two main centers of Arab nationalism, succeeding in isolating Iraq, would strengthen those links with the USSR that would suddenly threaten Turkey both from communism in the North & Arabism from South. The bilateral treaty of 11 March 1959 with Washington, together with strong economic aid, would in the end guarantee Turkey would open its territory to the intermediate range ballistic missile base. Adapted from the source document.

Summary in English.

Compares the Italian and Turkish demographic situation, 1950 to early 1990s; prospects. Summary in English. Population growth, life expectancy, fertility, mortality, and other issues.

Through the critical & interpretative analysis of a wide group of essays & texts, which, especially during the last decade, have been dedicated to Europe & to the complex shaping & development of the European Union, the Author borrows an original image, suggested by Jose Ortega y Gasset since 1949 -- "Europe is like a swarm: lots of bees & one single flight" -- in order to point out how the unification is still a "work in progress," still open to different, or even alternative, solutions. As a matter of fact, someone -- like Jeremy Rikfin, for example -- privileges the role of the so-called "European dream," while someone, instead, blames with increasing concern "the eclipse of Europe," even identifying it as a "crisis & decadence of a civilization" phenomenon. But there is also someone who, even though worried for the incapacity, or impossibility, of present Europe to be a real "power" -- beside the five presently operating powers in the world: United States, China, Russia, India & Japan -- insists on the need, & urgency, to establish a "strong Europe," like Christian Saint-Etienne requires, as finally geared with a real federal-style supranational political system. Therefore, the issue is the re-launch of the brave project-program, which, already during the first part of the Forties in the XX century, had defined the Ernesto Rossi & Altiero Spinelli's "free & unite Europe manifesto" (better known as "Ventotene manifesto"), now recovered also by Guy Verhofstadt, just marking a "new Europe," doomed to form the "United States of Europe." Of course, the recent "widening," which required the transit from the Europe of 15 to the Europe of 25 & then of 27 (with even wider enlargement hypothesis, as requested, for example, by Turkey) presents again the eventuality -- or better still the opportunity, according to some thinkers -- of committing one selves to the "bedrock research" of Europe -- like Karl Lamers claims -- which means setting against the present, & frail, "intergovernmental Europe," the strategy of a "variable geometry" Europe, also indicated as a "two-speed" Europe. Adapted from the source document.