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Previous formulations of injustice have left undiscovered the majority of the possible types of justice and injustice and have tended to conceal many of the structural features of the few types that have been recognized. It is here proposed that a specification of the structural properties of injustice types is crucial to making accurate predictions of people's reactions in such situations. By clearly specifying the various comparisons between two particular individuals, and between them and people associated with given reference positions, with respect to their inputs and outcomes, a typology of just and injust situations is constructed. A set of propositions is advanced with regard to the order of the various types of injustice in terms of the magnitudes ofjustice motivation that a person is likely to experience in such situations. These propositions prompt the questioning of two of J. S. Adams' conjectures with regard to magnitudes of injustice. They also lead to the conclusion that any "main type" or "subtype" of injustice may vary in its magnitude of injustice, as determined by the structure of the particular "minor types" involved. This may, in some instances necessitate modifications in the predicted order between the main types and subtypes of injustice. Some methodological refinements are finally proposed with respect to the design and interpretation of research on injustice.

House has become basic human needs; however this is critical problem especially in urban areas. In order to uncover housing shortages, the government has programmed to build walk up flat, due to that horizontal housing has bad following impacts. Walk up flat is possible alternative to be considered to solve existing problems. The goal of this study is to understand walk up flat typology in Indonesia. Besides that it is hoped that it can be explained dwellers' behavior and their adaptation mechanism has been done. Qualitative method with case study approach has been used in this research. Several walk up flats inbig cities in Indonesia has been selected as case studies. Observation results and study show there are many types of walk up flat in Indonesia, either in terms of ownership status, developers, number of floors, layout, dimension of floor space unit, goals of development, etc. Urban societies in Indonesia have no meaningful problems live in walk up flat. They can adapt, and able to adjust live in walk up flat. Live in walk up flat enhance their tolerance, and lower the privacy standard they enjoyed. Many social activities have been created to establish community's sense and to improve dwellers' capacities. Almost no considerable problem found, either in term of social live or in term of security in walk up flat. Small cases may happened, however dwellers perceive that it is common and they believe that the life will back to normal afterwards.Keywords: walk up flat, apartment for society, cultural adaptation, Bali

ABSTRACTAn effective business model is the core enabler of any company's performance. Business model innovation is not only becoming more and more important due to increasing and globalizing competition, but also an enormous challenge, both theoretically and practically. Although many managers are eager to consider more disruptive changes to their business model, they often do not know how to articulate their existing or desired business model and, even less so, understand the possibilities for innovating it. One of the steps toward developing more theoretical insight and practical guidelines is the identification of types and the development of a typology of business model innovations.Ten retrospective case studies of business model innovations undertaken by two industrial companies provide the empirical basis for this article. We analyzed the characteristics of these innovations as well as their success rates. The findings suggest that there are indeed various business model innovation types, each with its own characteristics and challenges.

AbstractBased on extensive fieldwork, the present article illustrates how the logic of the news media is expanding from influential communication departments to the practices, routines and priorities of traditional career bureaucrats. To theorize the mediatization of a traditional bureaucratic rationale, the article proposes a typology for how rule-based public organizations adapt to and adopt the news media's implicit 'logic of appropriateness.' We emphasize the importance of (1) the news rhythm and (2) news formats, but also (3) how and why being in the media is valued by civil servants, and (4) how this leads to a reallocation of resources and responsibilities within the organization. We find that career bureaucrats both anticipate and adopt a news logic in their daily work. The normative implications of these transformations are discussed in the final section of the article.

'Während man in der Umfrageforschung im Wesentlichen von drei (Nicht)Antwortmustern bei Befragungen ausgeht (Unit nonresponse, Item nonresponse und vollständige Befragungsteilnahme), können bei Web-basierten Befragungen (Web surveys) Daten über den Befragungsprozess miterhoben werden, die einen erweiterten Einblick in das tatsächliche Geschehen bei der Beantwortung von Fragen geben. Aufbauend auf diesen Bearbeitungsprozessdaten lassen sich mindestens sieben (Nicht-)Antwortmuster voneinander unterscheiden, die im Rahmen dieses Beitrages beschrieben sowie hinsichtlich ihrer theoretischen und praktischen Implikationen diskutiert werden.' (Autorenreferat)

Pacifism in its purest form condemns all war without exception. Military abolitionism, by contrast, is the view that it is morally impermissible for states to create and maintain war-making institutions. One might assume that any moral objection to the existence of war-making institutions must, in the final analysis, be based on some moral objection to war itself. Against this, I show that that there are in fact several distinct types of military abolitionism. One of them—which I label pacifistic abolitionism—does indeed derive the wrongness of war preparation from a logically prior generalization that states are morally prohibited from everwaging war. All of the other types, however, are either silent on whether war can ever be justified, or they concede that it can be. I separate out five distinct types of non-pacifistic military abolitionism—procedural, prudential, liberal, progressive, and economic—before considering objections and devising replies.