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This paper seeks to understand the complex values held by those involved in Protected Area and World Heritage stewardship. Using IUCN Protected Area categories, a values framework is developed and applied to demonstrate how values guide stewardship in protected areas. In-depth interviews with key tourism operators, public sector managers and other stakeholders from the iconic World Heritage Site and tourism destination, Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR) reveal how shifting ideologies and government policies increased pressures on nature, resulting in new alliances between stewards from the tourism sector and national and international organizations. These alliances were built on shared nature conservation values and successfully reduced increasing development pressures. Three distinct phases in this process emerged at the GBR, which were driven by personal values held by tourism industry representatives, and their recognition of tourism's reliance on nature for business success. Changing mainstream ideologies and political values can erode World Heritage and Protected Areas, and recalibrate values – including the universal values on which World Heritage Sites depend – towards more anthropocentric interpretations. The values framework presented here could be a powerful tool for stewards involved in conservation to remind those who merely manage and govern of the original nature-focused values.

One of the missions of UNESCO World Heritage is to ensure the protection of the cultural and natural heritage that are inscripted on the World Heritage List. Bryggen was inscripted on the World Heritage List in 1979, along with Urnes Stave Church. These are the first World Heritage in Norway. Due to the history of locals' attitude against Bryggen from the past; the news articles stating that Bryggen is sinking; and the latest political discussion about making Bryggen as car-free zones by replacing transportation with light trains, questions about World Heritage management at Bryggen arise. In addition that Bryggen is one of the first World Heritage in Norway, and yet there has not been done any research concerning management at Bryggen. Therefore, this thesis provides a new research aiming for the management in Bryggen, relating to opportunities, dilemmas, challenges and potential conflicts that the site managers face with an insight of the tourism industry as well. In this thesis qualitative method is applied, with descriptive design and deductive analysis approach to collect the data. There are six informants, who attend in the in-depth interviews. The interview guide was prepared in beforehand based on the research question. Both interview guide and the interview process are semi-structured, with a limited time to approximately one hour. From the transcription, 11 topics are created to select and sort out the relevant data: (1) the impact of the UNESCO status; (2) Opportunities; (3) Challenges; (4) Obstacles; (5) Dilemmas; (6) Development; (7) Relationship to tourism; (8) Potential conflicts; (9) In 20 years; (10) Opportunities in 20 years; (11) Challenges in 20 years. Some of these topics are chosen and used in discussion, in order to narrow the focus of discussion even more. According to the benefits and the advantages that UNESCO World Heritage claims, are found in Bergen. The site managers at Bryggen face many challenges and dilemmas. Some of them are controllable, and some are not. Additionally, it seems like there is lack of communication and cooperation between the management and the tourism industry. It appears that tourism industry is operating on its own, for their benefits. However, it seems that the managers are aware of all the challenges and dilemmas at Bryggen, and that they work continuously to find solutions to solve those problems. The finding shows and proves the importance of UNESCO World Heritage, how crucial it is to conserve and protect the heritage sites for the humanity and for the future generations. The finding also gives the insight of what dilemmas and challenges the site managers at Bryggen are facing, and how they handle them. ; M-REIS

The regeneration of urban areas is a polemic discourse which re-establishes and redefines the complex (and ambiguous) relationships that bind the old and the new. The preservation of our built heritage renders architecture not just as brick and mortar, but a medium charged with economic, cultural and political value involving the struggle between the forces of technology and tradition, identity and memory, globalization and identity, city branding and tourism, and heritage and preservation. Centuries of architectonic interventions resulted in the emergence of a palimpsest architectural expression that embeds the traces of two (or more) architectonic characteristics resulting in architecture with a successional space/time character. Operating at the intersection of design and activism, the architectonic allotropes can go beyond UNESCO's repetitive mechanisms that make our architectural heritage operate as an actor of political agendas. This thesis is an attempt to propose strategies and devices capable of challenging these mechanisms of preservation and to identify an alternative method for restorative preservation to the hegemonic rules established by UNESCO's World Heritage Preservation Program. The possibility of allotropy fosters the mediation of relations between past and present - the lost, the ruin, and the new. Historical architectural works are subjugated to architectonic allotropy in their reconstruction in order to reveal the conflicts and dependencies that the restoration to the "original" conceals. In the same way, designs that are produced by allotropy attempt to reorganize societies they participate in so that these projects can act within the tensions and controversies they are part of. ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of ; Unreviewed ; Graduate

abstract

An Approach to Cultural Landscapes in the Age of Resilience -- Resilience: a co-evolutionary concept -- Landscape: definitions and operational concepts -- The "Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato": a UNESCO case study between persistence and change -- The "Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato": new identities and continuation of a cultural landscape -- The "Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato": strategies and objectives for a resilient planning -- The "Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces": a UNESCO case study between persistence and change -- The "Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces": new identities and continuation of a cultural landscape -- An integrated management and governance for a productive UNESCO cultural landscape.

Front Cover -- Sundarban Mangrove Wetland (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- 1 Resource conservation and management -- 1.1 Classification and characteristics of coastal wetlands -- 1.2 Mangrove flora and fauna -- 1.2.1 Characteristics of mangrove plant species -- 1.2.2 Characteristics of temperate mangroves -- 1.2.3 Floristic composition of mangroves in India -- 1.2.3.1 Mangroves in Sundarban wetland -- 1.2.3.1.1 Physiographic set up and characterization -- 1.2.3.1.2 Mangrove species composition -- 1.2.3.1.3 Zonation of mangroves -- 1.2.3.2 Mangroves in east coast of India -- 1.2.3.2.1 Mangroves in Mahanadi Delta -- 1.2.3.2.2 Mangroves in Bhitarkanika -- 1.2.3.2.3 Mangroves in Krishna wetland -- 1.2.3.2.4 Mangroves in Godavari wetland -- 1.2.3.2.5 Mangroves in Pichavaram wetland -- 1.2.3.2.6 Mangroves in Muthupet wetland -- 1.2.3.3 Mangrove habitats in South and Southwest Coast of India -- 1.2.3.3.1 Mangroves in Kerala -- 1.2.3.3.2 Mangroves in Goa -- 1.2.3.3.3 Mangroves in Mumbai -- 1.2.3.3.4 Mangroves in Gulf of Kutch -- 1.2.3.3.5 Mangroves in Bhavnagar estuary -- 1.2.3.3.6 Mangroves in Lakshadweep -- 1.2.3.3.7 Mangroves in Andaman and Nicobar Islands -- 1.2.3.4 Trends of change in mangrove species diversity of India -- 1.2.3.5 Mangroves in South and South East Asia regions -- 1.2.3.5.1 Mangroves in Pakistan -- 1.2.3.5.2 Mangroves in Singapore -- 1.2.3.5.3 Mangroves in Sri Lanka -- 1.2.3.5.4 Mangroves in Thailand -- 1.2.3.5.5 Mangroves in Vietnam -- 1.2.3.5.6 Mangroves in Indonesia -- 1.2.3.5.7 Mangroves in Malaysia -- 1.2.3.5.8 Mangroves in Myanmar -- 1.2.3.5.9 Mangroves in the Philippines -- 1.2.3.5.10 Mangroves in Papua New Guinea -- 1.2.4 Mangrove community in other global regions -- 1.2.4.1 Mangroves in South America.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the external factors influencing ICT usage at UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS), focusing on exploring practices Tanzania. The study proposed and tested two hypotheses: a) there is a significant relationship between perceived pressure from competitors and ICT usage in WHS, and b) there is a significant relationship between perceived pressure from customers/visitors and ICT usage in WHS.
Methods: Data for this study were collected from 238 UNESCO World Heritage Site decision-makers in Tanzania. These respondents were stratified into three strata, based on UNESCO's categorization of site type (nature, mixed, and culture). Systematic random sampling was used to select respondents from each stratum according to their ratio in the total population. Testing of the hypotheses involved structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. Chi-square/Degree of freedom (CMIN/DF), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were used as criteria for estimation of goodness of fit indices.
Results: The findings indicated that perceived competitive pressure and perceived pressure from customers had a positive influence on ICT usage at WHS. This study confirms the T.O.E theory by Tornatzky and Fleischer (1990), which postulate that decision to use a new ICT system within the organization is determined by environmental factors which include features in which the firms conduct business such as competitors and its customers.
Implications: For the success of any tourism business, particularly UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ICT usage is inevitable for their site's performance. For destination management organisations, the current study is important for policy formulation, particularly in relation to ICT usage by the tourism industry at the destination to create a conducive business environment that may assist tourism growth related to World Heritage Sites.

This thesis examines UNESCO's World Heritage project in Djenne, a World Heritage site in Mali. It argues that only through a thorough understanding of UNESCO's history and political structure can the ideological basis for its work be revealed. UNESCO's recent focus on intangible heritage provides a model for examining the difficulties it encounters in Djenne. Accordingly, UNESCO's move from a concentration on 'outstanding universal value' and an archival approach to cultural heritage towards a more dynamic emphasis on cultural transmission finds a resonance in Djenne. A study of the work of artisans, guides and the Festival du Djennery held in the town all reveal cultural heritage to be a negotiated practice, in need of constant adaptation to remain relevant to a population struggling to live in conditions of extreme poverty.

The protection of larger built-up areas that constitute sections of actively functioning urban zones is a challenge, even under favourable political and economic conditions. The case of Krakow&rsquo ; s historical town centre, which is protected as a historical site by national law and it was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites List in 1978, clearly demonstrates how difficult it is to reconcile the passive character of current conservation doctrines with the demands of the free market and growth-oriented economy, when developer pressure is not sufficiently balanced out by public opinion and urban activist movements, when planning tools are incomplete or insufficient, and the criteria according to which strategic decisions are made are of a quantitative rather than a qualitative character. Apart from commonly encountered problems that are associated with the gentrification of town centres or the negative impact of mass tourism, Krakow must also face a growing flood hazard that stems from its specific and unfavourable hydrological and hydrogeological conditions that are compounded by the uncontrolled and uncoordinated expansion of urbanised areas, the decay of the natural environment, and the consequences of climate change. This article presents the multi-aspect site-specific conditions of the historical centre of Krakow, as well as the analysis of its protection as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, in the context of flood protection, while taking into consideration the environmental, economic, and social dimension of heritage. The critical conclusions that are featured in the work indicate both areas of possible immediate remedial action and the potential directions that new integrated protection strategies would take.