Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn the second half of the twentieth century small family businesses were still widespread in France. An important reason for this resilience was the share of unpaid work performed by kin in producing for the market. The unpaid work of family members in a range of craft and commercial family businesses – particularly by spouses, sons, and daughters – contributed to both the survival of the businesses and the well-being of the families, as is testified to in numerous sources, albeit statistically undocumented. Although social rights in France are considered to be some of the most advanced in Europe, the French Parliament was extremely slow to define the legal status of these family workers. It was not until 1982 that a law was finally enacted to bestow occupational status on collaborating spouses and to define a procedure optionally to register this unpaid work and to secure social security benefits for those carrying it out. This article focuses on the process that led to a new definition of the demarcation between the marital duty to assist, and work that exceeds this moral and legal obligation, thus creating a legal right to be compensated. Two empirical perspectives, involving an analysis of the reasons behind the shifting position of trade associations on this issue, and an assessment of the influence of long-standing gendered institutions, such as marital authority, on the formal and informal rules regulating family business are used to illustrate this slow and tortuous process of acquiring occupational rights for family workers.

Conventional theories of the division of labour and of the professions have failed adequately to deal with two important facets: namely, the work done by the client in service industries and that service work is done in both public and domestic domains. This article, using empirical evidence, argues that the patient should be included as a health worker if analyses are to transcend the views, time and culture of dominant participants. To include the unpaid as well as the paid workers involves analyses of the gender order, for the majority of unpaid workers are doing health work in the domestic domain and are women, while the majority of prestigious professionals are men. Concurrently issues of stratification among the paid workers have to be remembered including issues of race.

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of socio‐economic factors on the allocation of working time of unpaid child workers in the handloom industry. Based on regression and other statistical analysis of primary data collected from a field survey of 327 households engaged in the family‐based handloom industry of Ramna Etbar Nagar of Domkal Block, a village of Murshidabad district within the state of West Bengal, India, the results show that allocation of working hours depends on many of the socio‐economic factors of the household. The Lorenz curve shows that there is an unequal distribution in allocation of working hours among the working children, and boys work more compared to girls for a higher schedule of work. It has also been found that the larger the size of the households, the higher the number of looms, and the higher the allocation of working hours of children.

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Voluntary compliance with tax laws, the foundation of the U.S. tax system, could be undermined if the public perceives that federal workers and former federal workers successfully evade their tax obligations. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) records indicate that federal workers and annuitants, and IRS workers in particular, appear to be more compliant in meeting their tax responsibilities than the general population. Nonetheless, IRS records indicate that some federal workers and annuitants are not fulfilling their tax responsibilities and owe the federal government about $2.5 billion in outstanding taxes. In its attempt to improve management and collection of federal taxes owed by federal workers and annuitants, IRS faces the same issues hindering its ability to manage and collect unpaid taxes of the general population. With respect to IRS' efforts to improve compliance among federal workers and annuitants, IRS must first be able to determine how effective its program for this purpose has been and what, if any, modifications are needed to ensure that the program meets its objectives."

This paper focuses on practical transitions in three generations of contemporary Norwegian farm couples. With their tightly interconnected relationships, farm families present a unique opportunity for studying bounding and transitions across generations. The main hypotheses of the paper are that different generations of genders within farm couples will exhibit differences in their distribution of caregiving (H₁), practical help is still transferred across generations (H₂), and that childcare and caregiving of the elderly promotes feelings of ambivalence amongst those involved (H₃). Empirical implications are tested against 2002 data from a representative sample of Norwegian farm couples and a qualitative sample of three generational farm families. Analyses indicate that living arrangements with, and relationships amongst, family members across generations are closely bound up with general modernisation processes. The results of the analyses suggest that members of traditional farm families seem to be most sensitively attuned to one another.

This article investigates the work of individuals who help out informally with a family member's job, often without pay. Examples include the relative who works in the back room of the family business, the executive spouse who hosts corporate functions, the political wife who campaigns with her husband, or the child who does chores on the family farm. The term "unpaid market labor" (UML) is used here to describe the ways that family members collaborate directly in paid activities that are legally and socially attributed to others. The practical legal problems that can arise in relation to UML are illustrated in the context of Canadian and U.S. tax cases regarding the distinction between business and personal activities. The article surveys empirical evidence about the nature and extent of UML undertaken in industrialized countries, and recent studies which suggest that family collaboration in breadwinning may be growing in response to the pressures of economic globalization, technological change, and labor market restructuring. The author proposes a framework for incorporating an analysis of UML into feminist critiques of the market/family dichotomy in law, and responds to possible concerns that doing so may commodify family relations or implicitly devalue unpaid care work.

A substantial number of employees work additional non‐contract hours for no pay. We advance several economic explanations for this phenomenon. Empirical work is based on the UK Labour Force Survey for 1993/94. We establish the quantitative importance of unpaid work on overtime hours and hourly earnings for both males and females. We demonstrate, via Mincer wage growth equations, that accounting for unpaid work leads to significantly revised estimates of returns to education, experience and tenure. We test a number of hypotheses arising from our economic discussion using Tobit regressions of unpaid overtime. For comparative purposes, we also estimate equations of paid overtime.

This paper examines whether remittances from international migration impact on the occupational choice of left-behind youth in Kyrgyzstan. Labor supply is analyzed both at the extensive and intensive margins using cross-sectional data for 2011. To overcome endogeneity concerns, an instrumental variable approach was implemented. Findings demonstrate that migration, rather than remittances, pushes the left-behind youth to become unpaid family workers. This is explained by the substitution effect as the youth left behind are called upon to replace the migrant labor. Moreover, this effect is heterogeneous – female youth are more inclined to becoming unpaid family workers both at the extensive and intensive margins.