Suchergebnisse

For more than sixty years American grand strategy is based on the conviction that external environment is of fundamental importance for US core interests in security, prosperity and domestic liberty. There was the foundation for containment policy and after the cold war succeeding presidents on this conviction have based their deep engagement in world affairs. In XXI century as American supremacy has been steadily diminished, Washington is still ready to lead the world, but wants to share with partners the burdens of keeping it in order. The idea of partnership isn't put into words explicitly. It emphasizes burden-sharing between US and the partners, sometimes is about the transfer of crisis-management capacity and it has sought to advance American leadership as well. European states – NATO and EU members – are seen as indispensable Washington's allies, densely connected with the US through transatlantic partnership. Due to community of values and the convergence of strategic interests, and because of its own peculiarity EU is not and won't be America's strategic rival. After few years of diminished interest in old continent, when president B. Obama focused his attention on domestic policy and on problems in other world's regions, since March 2014 he has decided to take the initiative in European affairs. Russia's aggression towards Ukraine has serious consequences for Washington's European and global strategy. In Europe there is increased request for US leadership. From American point of view it might come with expectations, that the allies will be eager to strengthen their cooperation with Washington in other regions, especially in Asia.

The scholarly attractiveness of the subject has been prejudged by the fact, that the United States of America was the first country in history which had constitutionalized the principle of division of governmental power. However, this principle has hitherto found rather a humble reflex in the literature. In Chapter I the author discusses the significance of the aforementioned principle in contemporary constitutionalism, dealing at the same time with some terminological questions. Chapter II concerns the general origin of the theory of separation of power from ancient times till the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Chapter III has been dedicated to the institutional background of the doctrine of division of governmental power of the "Founding Fathers", namely, to the governmental experiences stemming out of binding of the Articles of Confederacy, the colonial constitutional charters and the state constitutions. Chapter IV regards the ideological and social background of that doctrine. Chapter V affects the motivation of constitutionalization of the principle of division of power in the views of the Framers. In Chapter VI the author presents the very doctrine of division of power of the "Founding Fathers", especially its foundations concerning the coordination of governmental powers (i.e. Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court), their functions and competences, structure, procedure of creation as well as term. Chapter VII refers to the problem of guarantees of the division principle, both formal (checks and balance system) and material ones (James Madison's conception of pluralism and social distribution of power). Chapter VIII comprises some conclusions.

In this article, the role and value of the system of government procurement and the basis of development of the economy of the United States of America are considered. In the conditions of a global economic crisis the role of state regulation of process of expenditure of budgetary funds which is carried out directly through a control system of placement of purchases on deliveries of goods, rendering services and performance of work for the state needs and directed to reduction and optimization of expenses of budgets of all levels increases. Also synthesis of foreign experience of management of the government and corporate procurement is presented in article, besides, social problems, such as are solved: as government procurement can contribute to sustainable development what international practice of such purchases what legal regulation is required for realization of steady purchases what factors promote and interfere with introduction of steady purchases. Based on the analysis of foreign scientific research, reports of the international organizations, standardly legal acts, studying of the international experience of application and use of steady purchases, conclusions about why government procurement contribute to sustainable development of the country, about necessary legal and political support of purchases are formed and also briefly is shown how steady purchases are implemented in practice. Key aspects of the organization of purchasing activity for the state and corporate needs are stated, the signs characterizing the national system of government procurement of the USA are disclosed. The analysis of the legislative base and an organizational government procurement system in the United States of America is carried out. An attempt to define the directions for further reforming of a control system of government procurement in the Russian Federation is made.