Suchergebnisse

In the present paper we try to recover the reflection of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels on the American workers' movement of their time, especially as regards to the role of socialists. It is our understanding that this reflection of Marx and Engels contributes, although little explored, to the understanding of the conception of both - the materialist conception of history -, not because it contributed to its final elaboration, but through the practice that the authors made this when they analyzed what was happening on the other side of the Atlantic. The reflection of these two authors may still be, in addition to merely theoretical issues, quite current - hence the focus on issues of political party strategy - since the parties that claim the working class today are, after all, much more than in the second half of the nineteenth century, but on the other hand, much less expressive than in the second half of the twentieth century. It is, in fact, one of several particular contributions of the conception of the two German authors.

This paper examines the US National Security Strategies, 2002 and 2006, with a view to understanding the impact that some of their elements, including the doctrine of pre-emptive war, may have on Brazilian military thought. By focusing on revealing articles by Brazilian military intellectuals, and re-examining the international legal implications of the Strategies, the author determines that the implicit threats to the national sovereignty of middle-range powers will intensifythe growing suspicion and senseof threat posed by the US to the ArmedForces of Brazil. ; Este trabalho analisa as Estratégias de Segurança Nacional dos EUA, de 2002 e 2006, visando compreender o impacto de alguns de seus elementos sobre o pensamento militar brasileiro, entre eles, a doutrina de "Guerra Preemptiva". Ao enfocar artigos reveladores produzidos por intelectuais militares brasileiros, e reexaminar as implicações jurídicas internacionais das Estratégias, o autor conclui que as ameaças implícitas nestes documentos à soberania de potências médias intensificarão a suspeita crescente e o temor imposto pelos EUA às Forças Armadas do Brasil.

Neste artigo, nossos objetivos foram descrever o Programa Foreign Language Teaching Assistant da Comissão Fulbright e discutir como os bolsistas desse programa, os FLTAs, atuam como agentes de uma política linguística de difusão do português em instituições de ensino superior dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA). Para tanto, analisamos, a partir da concepção processual de política linguística de Johnson (2013), que coloca a agência como um dos elementos centrais na compreensão do fenômeno, dados documentais e entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com alguns dos jovens professores brasileiros que são enviados para aquele país. Os resultados demonstram que o envio de jovens professores brasileiros para ensinar português nos EUA é parte de uma grande política externa que começou a ser implantada no final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, em uma tentativa do governo norte-americano de exercer o que tem sido entendido como soft power. Nas últimas 12 edições do programa, focalizadas neste trabalho, mais de 300 profissionais atuaram, de forma individual e coletiva, tanto dentro quanto fora de salas de aula em quase todos os estados norte-americanos como agentes de difusão do português brasileiro, mesmo, por vezes, encontrando restrições a suas atuações. ; This paper aimed to describe the language policy developed by The Fulbright Foreign Language Teaching Assistant Program (FLTA) and to discuss the agency of its fellows to the spread Brazilian Portuguese in higher education institutions in the USA. Based on the theoretical notion of language policy as a process (RICENTO; HORNBERGER, 1996; JOHNSON, 2013; JOHNSON; JOHNSON, 2015), we analyzed a corpora consisting of documentary data, information gathered through telephone calls and e-mails, and semi-structured interviews with members of the Fulbright Commission Brazil and former Brazilian FLTAs. This is a qualitative-interpretative study (LIN, 2015) of the texts-discourses that are part of the corpora. The results show the levels and the main agents that are part of this language policy – from the US government to the Brazilian teachers – as illustrated using the onion metaphor with concentric circles that indicate the several layers where these agents act. Results also found there is little formalization of a language policy education for foreign/additional languages by the FLTA Program. This makes the Brazilian FLTAs, who act sometimes collectively and sometimes individually, the main force to form a language policy to spread Brazilian Portuguese in the USA.